El indie en Tucumán y las plataformas digitales : nuevas configuraciones del campo musical
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
Resumen
El mundo ha sufrido cambios profundos y significativos con el surgimiento de
internet, primero, y de la popularización de las plataformas digitales y del uso de
teléfonos celulares, luego. Se han visto modificados los modos de hacer ciencia,
de estudiar, de transportarse, de vincularse socialmente, entre otras múltiples
actividades de los sujetos, entre las cuales se encuentra crear, difundir y consumir
arte.
Habitamos un mundo regido por la convergencia (Jenkins, 2006) y ubicuidad, en
el que las plataformas digitales toman una importancia sin precedentes en todos
los ámbitos de la vida (Aguado, Feijóo y Martínez, 2014; Srnicek, 2018; Scolari,
2015; Fernández, 2018), dentro de los cuales presenta sus características el campo
artístico en general, y el musical en particular.
En este trabajo se estudian las rupturas y continuidades que se han suscitado ante
la aparición de las tecnologías en el campo musical, específicamente el sector
indie. El proceso de producción/consumo se ha visto profundamente modificado
con cada nueva técnica y especialmente con el surgimiento de internet, la
popularización de la piratería y la explosión de plataformas de suscripción y
contenido on demand.
La teoría de los campos aplicada a las artes (Bourdieu, 2006) nos otorga
conceptos claves para el análisis de la música y las estructuras internas del campo.
Se pone de relevancia aquí una división del campo que responde a dos maneras
diferentes de producir: de la mano de las majors o sin ellas, lo que da como
resultado dos grandes subcampos. El primero, mainstream, y el segundo,
independiente.
Dentro de lo independiente también hay estructuraciones internas. Cerrar un trato
con una major no es sencillo y entran en juego una gran cantidad de factores
como el dinero, la libertad creativa, la exposición, la frecuencia de producción,
entre otros. Muchos artistas crean de manera independiente porque no pueden
acceder a la industria. Sin embargo, existe otro sector que elige estos modos, al
margen. Lo elige, principalmente, por motivos ideológicos: para jerarquizar, entre
sus intereses, sus libertades (creativas, de tiempos, económicas).
Si seguimos profundizando en ese sector, de la herencia punk y hardcore surge un
nuevo modo de hacer: el Do It Yourself (DIY). De esa escuela de modos de
producción, pero con guitarras más limpias y audiencias más naif, nace el indie.
En el presente estudio ahondaremos en dos aspectos. Por un lado, exploraremos la
definición de indie. Como subcampo musical, presenta sus peculiaridades
intrínsecas; pero es solamente en el intercambio con otros sectores que termina
por definirse. Estos intercambios se tornan inteligibles a la luz del concepto de
soberanía del campo artístico (Menke, 2011). Por el otro, las mediatizaciones, las
continuidades y rupturas suscitadas ante la aparición de las plataformas digitales
en el siglo XXI. Mientras que las grandes productoras encuentran el envión para
recuperar (al menos parcialmente) las pérdidas sufridas con los inicios de internet,
la música independiente halla una suerte de democratización del mercado, aunque
—como veremos más adelante— relativizada. El indie, en específico, encuentra
mayores posibilidades de producción y difusión y una audiencia más cuantiosa a
la que potencialmente llegar. Esto se acentúa si pensamos en las dinámicas
centro-periferia que operan entre el arte del campo indie tucumano en su dinámica
con la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: las personas artistas encuentran plataformas para
mostrarse al mundo como nunca antes pudieron hacerlo.
Como contraparte surgen nuevas regulaciones, nuevos tiempos y exigencias que
condicionan la manera de producir del mercado, o al menos esa es la hipótesis que
planteamos. Si fuera así, nos preguntamos: ¿qué queda de lo indie? ¿La música
usa a las plataformas, o es al revés?
The world has undergone profound and significant changes with the emergence of the Internet, first, and the popularization of digital platforms and the use of cellphones, later. The ways of doing science, studying, transporting, connecting socially, among other multiple activities, including creating, disseminating and consuming art, have been modified. We inhabit a world governed by convergence (Jenkins, 2006) and ubiquity, in which digital platforms take on unprecedented importance in all areas of life (Aguado, Feijóo and Martínez, 2014; Srnicek, 2018; Scolari, 2015; Fernández, 2018), within which the artistic field in general, and the musical field in particular, presents its special characteristics. In this project, we study the ruptures and continuities that have arisen due to the appearance of technologies in the musical field, specifically the indie sector. The production/consumption process has been profoundly modified with each new technique, and especially with the emergence of the Internet, the popularization of piracy and the explosion of subscription platforms and on-demand content. The theory of the fields applied to the arts (Bourdieu, 2006) gives us key concepts for the analysis of music and its internal structuring. We highlight a division of the field that responds to two different ways of producing: hand in hand with the majors or without them, which results in two large subfields. The first, the mainstream, and the second, the independent. Within the independent world there are also internal structures. Closing a deal with a major is not easy and a large number of factors come into play such as money, creative freedom, exposure, production frequency, among others. Many artists create independently because they can't access the industry. However, there is another sector that chooses these modes, on the sidelines. It chooses it, mainly, for ideological reasons: to prioritize, among his interests, its freedoms (creativity, time, economic freedom). If we continue delving into this sector, a new way of doing things emerges from the punk and hardcore heritage: Do It Yourself (DIY). Indie was born from that school of production modes, but with cleaner guitars and more naive audiences. In this study we will delve into two aspects. On the one hand, we will explore the definition of indie. As a musical subfield, it presents its intrinsic peculiarities; but it is only in the exchange with other sectors that it ends up being defined. These exchanges become intelligible in light of the concept of sovereignty of the artistic field (Menke, 2011). On the other, the media coverage, continuities and ruptures caused by the appearance of digital platforms in the 21st century. While the big producers find the time to recover (at least partially) the losses suffered with the beginnings of the Internet, independent music finds a kind of democratization of the market, although —as we will see later— it’s relative. The indie, specifically, finds greater possibilities of production and diffusion and a larger audience to potentially reach. This is accentuated if we think of the center-periphery dynamics that operate between the art of the Tucuman indie field in its dynamics with the City of Buenos Aires: artists find platforms to show themselves to the world as they never could before. As a counterpart, new regulations, new times and demands arise, that determine the way the market produces, or at least that is the hypothesis that we propose. If so, we ask ourselves: what is left of indie? Does music use platforms, or is it the other way around?
The world has undergone profound and significant changes with the emergence of the Internet, first, and the popularization of digital platforms and the use of cellphones, later. The ways of doing science, studying, transporting, connecting socially, among other multiple activities, including creating, disseminating and consuming art, have been modified. We inhabit a world governed by convergence (Jenkins, 2006) and ubiquity, in which digital platforms take on unprecedented importance in all areas of life (Aguado, Feijóo and Martínez, 2014; Srnicek, 2018; Scolari, 2015; Fernández, 2018), within which the artistic field in general, and the musical field in particular, presents its special characteristics. In this project, we study the ruptures and continuities that have arisen due to the appearance of technologies in the musical field, specifically the indie sector. The production/consumption process has been profoundly modified with each new technique, and especially with the emergence of the Internet, the popularization of piracy and the explosion of subscription platforms and on-demand content. The theory of the fields applied to the arts (Bourdieu, 2006) gives us key concepts for the analysis of music and its internal structuring. We highlight a division of the field that responds to two different ways of producing: hand in hand with the majors or without them, which results in two large subfields. The first, the mainstream, and the second, the independent. Within the independent world there are also internal structures. Closing a deal with a major is not easy and a large number of factors come into play such as money, creative freedom, exposure, production frequency, among others. Many artists create independently because they can't access the industry. However, there is another sector that chooses these modes, on the sidelines. It chooses it, mainly, for ideological reasons: to prioritize, among his interests, its freedoms (creativity, time, economic freedom). If we continue delving into this sector, a new way of doing things emerges from the punk and hardcore heritage: Do It Yourself (DIY). Indie was born from that school of production modes, but with cleaner guitars and more naive audiences. In this study we will delve into two aspects. On the one hand, we will explore the definition of indie. As a musical subfield, it presents its intrinsic peculiarities; but it is only in the exchange with other sectors that it ends up being defined. These exchanges become intelligible in light of the concept of sovereignty of the artistic field (Menke, 2011). On the other, the media coverage, continuities and ruptures caused by the appearance of digital platforms in the 21st century. While the big producers find the time to recover (at least partially) the losses suffered with the beginnings of the Internet, independent music finds a kind of democratization of the market, although —as we will see later— it’s relative. The indie, specifically, finds greater possibilities of production and diffusion and a larger audience to potentially reach. This is accentuated if we think of the center-periphery dynamics that operate between the art of the Tucuman indie field in its dynamics with the City of Buenos Aires: artists find platforms to show themselves to the world as they never could before. As a counterpart, new regulations, new times and demands arise, that determine the way the market produces, or at least that is the hypothesis that we propose. If so, we ask ourselves: what is left of indie? Does music use platforms, or is it the other way around?

