Aporte sudamericano para la paz : un estudio comparado de las motivaciones para la participación en operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de Naciones Unidas de Argentina y Brasil en el período 1991-2016
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
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El despliegue de cascos azules de Naciones Unidas representa, al día de hoy, una muestra
cabal de la voluntad de la comunidad internacional por atender a las crisis de seguridad
emergentes en todo el mundo. Con más de 70 años de historia y una envergadura en el terreno
que solo es eclipsada por el ejército de los Estados Unidos, las operaciones de mantenimiento
de la paz han despertado el interés de la comunidad académica.
Sin embargo, en la extensa bibliografía que se ha elaborado en torno a este fenómeno, hemos
identificado una serie de dificultades a la hora de responder una pregunta fundamental ¿qué
motiva a un Estado a comprometer tropas y recursos en estas operaciones? Si bien desde los
diversos paradigmas de las Relaciones Internacionales se ha intentado arribar a una respuesta
parsimoniosa, en este trabajo nos inclinamos a pensar que el camino al entendimiento es
multidimensional, por lo que desarrollamos un marco analítico ecléctico propio.
Para dar cuenta de esta postura en esta tesis buscamos analizar de manera comparativa las
motivaciones de Argentina y Brasil a la hora de participar en operaciones de mantenimiento
de la paz durante el período comprendido entre 1991 y 2016. A lo largo de este trabajo nos
interrogamos sobre el lugar que estas operaciones han ocupado en la política exterior de
ambas naciones y en la percepción de sus líderes, así como, cuál ha sido su integración en la
política de defensa de estos países.
De tal manera, sostenemos que las principales motivaciones que impulsaron a Argentina y
Brasil a participar en operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, en el periodo estudiado, fueron
el deseo de prestigio, la demostración de compromiso con los asuntos de la seguridad
internacional y la búsqueda de posiciones favorables en los foros internacionales. No
obstante, al examinar cada caso, planteamos que la participación de Argentina en dichas
operaciones estuvo motivada hacia un férreo alineamiento con occidente en los 90, mientras
que en los 2000 la motivación se encaminó para reforzar su política de integración regional.
De la misma manera, sostenemos que estos despliegues operaron como un aliciente material y
simbólico para unas Fuerzas Armadas atravesadas por el desprestigio y desfinanciamiento de
una transición a la democracia por colapso. Por otro lado, en el caso de Brasil, estas
motivaciones estuvieron orientadas a garantizar posiciones de liderazgo para el país (tanto
regionales como globales), con la aspiración de asentarse como potencia a nivel internacional.
En este caso, a diferencia de Argentina, las capacidades políticas de unas Fuerzas Armadas
poderosas, tanto en términos materiales como simbólicos en el país, influyeron en la
evolución de la participación.
The deployment of UN blue helmets represents, to this day, ample proof of the international community's commitment towards addressing emerging international security crises around the globe. With more than 70 years of history and an operational scale on the ground eclipsed only by the United States military, peacekeeping operations have attracted the interest of the academic community. However, in the extensive literature that has been developed around this phenomenon, we have identified a number of difficulties when it comes to answering a fundamental question: what motivates a state to commit troops and resources to these operations? Although the various paradigms of International Relations have attempted to arrive at a parsimonious answer, in this investigation we are inclined to think that the path to understanding is multidimensional, so we have developed an eclectic analytical framework of our own. In this thesis we seek to analyze comparatively the motivations of Argentina and Brazil when participating in peacekeeping operations during the period between 1991 and 2016. Throughout this work we inquired about the place that these operations have occupied in the foreign policy of both nations and in the perception of their leaders, as well as what has been their integration in the defense policy of these countries. Thus, we contend that the main motivations that drove Argentina and Brazil to participate in peacekeeping operations over the period under study were the desire for prestige, the demonstration of commitment to international security issues, and the search for favorable positions in international fora. However, in examining each case, we argue that Argentina’s participation in such operations was motivated by a strong alignment with the West in the 1990s, while in the 2000s the motivation was to reinforce its regional integration policy. Likewise, we argue that these deployments operated as a material and symbolic incentive for an Armed Forces affected by the discrediting and defunding of a collapse transition to democracy. On the other hand, in the case of Brazil, these motivations were aimed at guaranteeing leadership positions for the country (both regional and global), with the aspiration of establishing itself as an international power. In this case, unlike Argentina, the political capabilities of a powerful Armed Forces, both in material and symbolic terms in the country, influenced the evolution of participation.
The deployment of UN blue helmets represents, to this day, ample proof of the international community's commitment towards addressing emerging international security crises around the globe. With more than 70 years of history and an operational scale on the ground eclipsed only by the United States military, peacekeeping operations have attracted the interest of the academic community. However, in the extensive literature that has been developed around this phenomenon, we have identified a number of difficulties when it comes to answering a fundamental question: what motivates a state to commit troops and resources to these operations? Although the various paradigms of International Relations have attempted to arrive at a parsimonious answer, in this investigation we are inclined to think that the path to understanding is multidimensional, so we have developed an eclectic analytical framework of our own. In this thesis we seek to analyze comparatively the motivations of Argentina and Brazil when participating in peacekeeping operations during the period between 1991 and 2016. Throughout this work we inquired about the place that these operations have occupied in the foreign policy of both nations and in the perception of their leaders, as well as what has been their integration in the defense policy of these countries. Thus, we contend that the main motivations that drove Argentina and Brazil to participate in peacekeeping operations over the period under study were the desire for prestige, the demonstration of commitment to international security issues, and the search for favorable positions in international fora. However, in examining each case, we argue that Argentina’s participation in such operations was motivated by a strong alignment with the West in the 1990s, while in the 2000s the motivation was to reinforce its regional integration policy. Likewise, we argue that these deployments operated as a material and symbolic incentive for an Armed Forces affected by the discrediting and defunding of a collapse transition to democracy. On the other hand, in the case of Brazil, these motivations were aimed at guaranteeing leadership positions for the country (both regional and global), with the aspiration of establishing itself as an international power. In this case, unlike Argentina, the political capabilities of a powerful Armed Forces, both in material and symbolic terms in the country, influenced the evolution of participation.
