La reconciliación entre Etiopía y Eritrea (2018) : acercamiento y posibilidades en el Cuerno de África
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
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El 9 de julio de 2018 Etiopia y Eritrea firmaron una histórica declaración conjunta de “paz y
amistad” como señal de compromiso para avanzar de la situación de punto muerto – No peace, No
war - en que se encontraban ambos luego del fallido acuerdo de Argel del año 2000. Dicho
acuerdo había puesto fin a la contienda bélica más importante del Cuerno de África ocurrida entre
1998 y el año 2000 entre ambos países. Sin embargo, el acuerdo no tuvo efectividad plena en la
práctica y derivó en la situación de esterilidad mencionada.
El nuevo acuerdo fue posible, en su mayor medida, gracias a la nueva dinámica política
implementada a partir de la elección del primer ministro etíope Abiy Ahmed Ali. Dicha dinámica
vino acompañada de reformas estructurales que se desarrollaron al interior de Etiopía, cuya
piedra angular resultó ser el acercamiento con Eritrea, postergado por más de dos décadas, en
aras de trabajar en conjunto por la paz, el desarrollo y la cooperación en la región. Esto le valió el
premio Nobel de la Paz a Ahmed en el año 2019, lo que ubicó a la saliente reconciliación en el
centro de la escena global.
En esta misma dirección, se concretó el postergado encuentro de Ahmed, e Isaías Afewerki,
presidente de facto de Eritrea desde 1991, que dejó como corolario medidas significativas en el
terreno que se analizarán en la presente investigación.
Este marco, en principio favorable para un acercamiento fructífero, la presenta tesina pretende
describir el proceso de acercamiento, partiendo de los antecedentes históricos entre ambos
países, siguiendo por el derrotero que terminó en una guerra fronteriza, y por último, la
intransigencia – legal y política - de ambas partes para salir de una situación de letargo de casi
veinte años, que constituyó una rémora regional. Con este panorama de fondo, esta investigación
analiza las implicancias del nuevo capítulo de paz iniciado en 2018, la posibilidad de estabilización
de relaciones bilaterales legitimadas, y sobre todo, la resonancia regional de éste para
efectivamente incidir en la desmilitarización de la región.
On July 9, 2018, Ethiopia and Eritrea signed a historic joint declaration of "peace and friendship" as a sign of commitment to move forward from the impasse - no war, no peace - in which they both found themselves after the failed Algiers agreement of 2000. This agreement had put an end to the most important war in the Horn of Africa that had taken place between 1998 and 2000 between the two countries. However, the agreement was not fully effective in practice and led to the aforementioned situation of sterility. This dynamic was accompanied by structural reforms that took place in Ethiopia, whose cornerstone turned out to be the rapprochement with Eritrea, postponed for more than two decades, in order to work together for peace, development and cooperation in the region. This earned Ahmed the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019, which placed the outgoing reconciliation at the center of the global stage. In this same direction, the postponed meeting of Ahmed and Isaias Afewerki, de facto president of Eritrea since 1991, took place, leaving as a corollary significant measures in the field that will be analyzed in this research. Within this framework, in principle favorable to a fruitful rapprochement, the present thesis aims to describe the process of this new rapprochement, starting from the historical background between the two countries, following the path that ended in a border war, and finally, the intransigence - legal and political - on both sides to overcome a situation of lethargy of almost twenty years, which was a regional hindrance. With this background, this investigation analyzes the implications of the new peace chapter initiated in 2018, the possibility of stabilizing legitimate bilateral relations, and above all, the regional resonance of this chapter in order to effectively influence the demilitarization of the region.
On July 9, 2018, Ethiopia and Eritrea signed a historic joint declaration of "peace and friendship" as a sign of commitment to move forward from the impasse - no war, no peace - in which they both found themselves after the failed Algiers agreement of 2000. This agreement had put an end to the most important war in the Horn of Africa that had taken place between 1998 and 2000 between the two countries. However, the agreement was not fully effective in practice and led to the aforementioned situation of sterility. This dynamic was accompanied by structural reforms that took place in Ethiopia, whose cornerstone turned out to be the rapprochement with Eritrea, postponed for more than two decades, in order to work together for peace, development and cooperation in the region. This earned Ahmed the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019, which placed the outgoing reconciliation at the center of the global stage. In this same direction, the postponed meeting of Ahmed and Isaias Afewerki, de facto president of Eritrea since 1991, took place, leaving as a corollary significant measures in the field that will be analyzed in this research. Within this framework, in principle favorable to a fruitful rapprochement, the present thesis aims to describe the process of this new rapprochement, starting from the historical background between the two countries, following the path that ended in a border war, and finally, the intransigence - legal and political - on both sides to overcome a situation of lethargy of almost twenty years, which was a regional hindrance. With this background, this investigation analyzes the implications of the new peace chapter initiated in 2018, the possibility of stabilizing legitimate bilateral relations, and above all, the regional resonance of this chapter in order to effectively influence the demilitarization of the region.
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