Los procesos de implementación de políticas públicas de envejecimiento dirigidas a personas mayores en situación de extrema vulnerabilidad. Un análisis del caso chileno en el período 2006-2022, desde una perspectiva de innovación social
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
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Esta tesis doctoral se enmarca en el campo de los estudios sobre políticas públicas
e innovación social. Sitúa el análisis en los procesos de implementación de políticas
públicas de envejecimiento dirigidas a personas mayores en situación de extrema
vulnerabilidad, tomando para ello el caso chileno en el período 2006-2022. La
complejidad de nuestras sociedades contemporáneas, en un escenario de mayor
longevidad de las ciudadanías, mayor peso demográfico de la población entrada en
años y la expectativa de vivir esta extensión de vida con calidad, están comportando
serios desafíos a los Estados para producir los desenlaces de bienestar que esperan
– o que ofrecen - para su población. Estos escenarios son propicios para un tipo de
innovación social en políticas públicas que, lejos de visiones de progreso
tecnológico o potenciación de productos, busca comprender mejor su relación con
el cambio social e indaga en nuevas combinaciones en los procesos de intervención
y prácticas que los Estados generan. Esta tesis, desde el contexto conceptual que
fue preciso construir y el recorrido por sus diferentes capítulos, es una invitación a
alejarse de visiones mecanicistas y desenlaces de la intervención estatal cuya
efectividad se argumenta y sostiene observando sujetos, sus vulnerabilidades y
demandas, ubicando a las políticas públicas en el lugar de las soluciones y no,
necesariamente, como parte del problema. Ante esto, la investigación se desarrolla
haciendo un giro: observar las políticas y sus ofertas a la luz de sus propias
vulnerabilidades, sus fallas, pues para conjeturar sobre desenlaces es necesario
conocer lo que las políticas producen para los sujetos, enunciados y formas que
adoptan, elementos contextuales involucrados y, principalmente, analizar cómo las
producen y despliegan. Luego, es posible vislumbrar innovaciones, caminos para
andar o, al menos, por dónde ya no transitar. ¿Cómo se despliegan los procesos de
implementación de las políticas públicas de envejecimiento dirigidas a personas
mayores en situación de extrema vulnerabilidad? fue la pregunta principal que esta
investigación buscó responder, junto a otras que le secundaron en el proceso
investigativo. Se enfrentó la tarea desde una mirada cualitativa, utilizando como
estrategia investigativa el estudio de caso, de tipo único con diseño integrado o
incrustado (Yin, 1994, 2004, 2018), recurriendo a diferentes fuentes (amplia
documentación, registros de archivos, entrevista a actores claves) y técnicas como
el análisis documental, la coincidencia de patrones y el análisis de series temporales.
This doctoral thesis is situated within the field of public policy studies and social innovation. It focuses on analyzing the implementation processes of public aging policies aimed at older adults in situations of extreme vulnerability, using the Chilean case during the period 2006–2022 as its basis. The complexity of contemporary societies—characterized by increased longevity, a higher demographic weight of older populations, and the aspiration to experience this extended lifespan with quality—poses significant challenges for states in achieving the welfare outcomes they promise or are expected to deliver to their citizens. These contexts offer fertile ground for a type of social innovation in public policy that, far from prioritizing technological progress or product enhancement, seeks to better understand its relationship with social change and to explore new combinations in intervention processes and practices generated by the state. This thesis, grounded in the conceptual framework constructed and developed across its chapters, invites a departure from mechanistic views and state intervention outcomes that base their effectiveness solely on observing individuals, their vulnerabilities, and their demands. Instead, it positions public policies as part of the solution, rather than necessarily part of the problem. In response to this, the research takes a distinctive turn: it examines policies and their offerings in light of their own vulnerabilities and shortcomings. To hypothesize about outcomes, it is essential to understand what policies produce for individuals, the statements and forms they adopt, the contextual elements involved, and, most importantly, how they are implemented and enacted. This approach enables the identification of innovations, potential paths to follow, or, at the very least, those to avoid. The central research question this study sought to address was: How are the implementation processes of public aging policies targeting older adults in situations of extreme vulnerability deployed? This inquiry was complemented by additional questions that emerged during the research process. The study was approached from a qualitative perspective, employing a single-case study strategy with an embedded design (Yin, 1994, 2004, 2018). It drew on diverse sources (extensive documentation, archival records, and interviews with key stakeholders) and utilized techniques such as document analysis, pattern matching, and time-series analysis
This doctoral thesis is situated within the field of public policy studies and social innovation. It focuses on analyzing the implementation processes of public aging policies aimed at older adults in situations of extreme vulnerability, using the Chilean case during the period 2006–2022 as its basis. The complexity of contemporary societies—characterized by increased longevity, a higher demographic weight of older populations, and the aspiration to experience this extended lifespan with quality—poses significant challenges for states in achieving the welfare outcomes they promise or are expected to deliver to their citizens. These contexts offer fertile ground for a type of social innovation in public policy that, far from prioritizing technological progress or product enhancement, seeks to better understand its relationship with social change and to explore new combinations in intervention processes and practices generated by the state. This thesis, grounded in the conceptual framework constructed and developed across its chapters, invites a departure from mechanistic views and state intervention outcomes that base their effectiveness solely on observing individuals, their vulnerabilities, and their demands. Instead, it positions public policies as part of the solution, rather than necessarily part of the problem. In response to this, the research takes a distinctive turn: it examines policies and their offerings in light of their own vulnerabilities and shortcomings. To hypothesize about outcomes, it is essential to understand what policies produce for individuals, the statements and forms they adopt, the contextual elements involved, and, most importantly, how they are implemented and enacted. This approach enables the identification of innovations, potential paths to follow, or, at the very least, those to avoid. The central research question this study sought to address was: How are the implementation processes of public aging policies targeting older adults in situations of extreme vulnerability deployed? This inquiry was complemented by additional questions that emerged during the research process. The study was approached from a qualitative perspective, employing a single-case study strategy with an embedded design (Yin, 1994, 2004, 2018). It drew on diverse sources (extensive documentation, archival records, and interviews with key stakeholders) and utilized techniques such as document analysis, pattern matching, and time-series analysis

