Calidad en semillas de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producidas y almacenadas en el sudeste salteño
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FCA-UNR
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La soja es un cultivo de suma importancia en la zona noroeste de Argentina,
siendo la provincia de Salta segunda en cuanto a superficie sembrada. El
aumento de la producción de soja en esta región, puso de manifiesto la falta de
infraestructura adecuada para el almacenamiento de semillas del cultivo.
Frente a esto, el silo-bolsa ha sido considerado la opción más adecuada para
mantener las semillas. Sin embargo, las semillas dentro del silo-bolsa están
separadas de las condiciones ambientales por una delgada película de
polietileno, entonces, mantener la calidad fisiológica de la semilla podría ser un
importante problema. Además, las condiciones ambientales de la zona donde
se realizó la investigación presentan una marcada la amplitud térmica diaria y
variaciones de humedad y precipitaciones. Ambos factores considerados
decisivos sobre el deterioro de la calidad de las semillas ortodoxas. El trabajo
se desarrolló durante la campaña 2015/2016 en las localidades de Coronel
Mollinedo y Rio Piedra, ubicadas en la región agroecológica Umbral al Chaco
de la Provincia de Salta. Las semillas producidas y cosechadas se
almacenaron en silo-bolsa durante tres meses, aproximadamente, luego se
acondicionaron y se depositaron en bolsas de polipropileno de 40 kg, las que
fueron mantenidas en galpones o en cámara fría (10ºC) 150 días
aproximadamente. Desde el 1 de junio de 2015 hasta el 29 de febrero de 2016
se midieron los parámetros de calidad fisiológica para cada condición de
almacenamiento y ubicación. La humedad de la semilla durante el
almacenamiento en silo-bolsa fue más estable en Coronel Mollinedo que en
Río Piedra, mientras que la temperatura de la semilla se asoció con la
temperatura ambiente. Los parámetros de viabilidad y poder germinativo se
mantuvieron altos (entre 91 a 96%) y similares en ambas localidades. El vigor
de las semillas medido mediante el test de tetrazolio y la prueba de
envejecimiento acelerado, fue mayor en Coronel Mollinedo que en Río Piedra
(por debajo del 72%). En el caso de las semillas conservadas en bolsas de
polipropileno y en cámara fría, los parámetros de viabilidad, poder germinativo
y vigor permanecieron estacionarios durante el experimento en ambas
localidades. Sin embargo, para las semillas almacenadas en bolsas de
polipropileno y en galpón, todos los parámetros disminuyeron hacia la última fecha (29 de febrero de 2016) en ambas localidades, y de un modo más
pronunciado para las semillas de Río Piedra. La menor calidad en las semillas
de Rio Piedra podría deberse a malas condiciones de almacenamiento al
comienzo del experimento, ya que en estos silo-bolsas se detectaron daños en
las cubiertas ocasionado por animales. Adicionalmente, durante esta etapa, las
precipitaciones fueron mayores en Rio Piedra que en Coronel Mollinedo,
aumentando así la humedad de las semillas.
Este trabajo demostró que tanto el silo-bolsa como las bolsas de polipropileno
podrían ser adecuados para mantener alta y relativamente estable la calidad
fisiológica de las semillas, sólo hasta la próxima temporada de siembra (siete
meses, aproximadamente), pero no para destinos posteriores (carryover. Por
su parte, las semillas que no fueron sembradas y se mantuvieron en cámara
fría fueron las únicas que mantuvieron la calidad fisiológica durante el tiempo
que estuvieron en condiciones controladas de temperatura.
The soybean is one of the greatest crop productions in the Northwest of Argentina, Salta province is located in the second place in importance of sowed area. The increase in soybean production highlighted the lack of adequate infrastructure for the storage of soybean seeds. In this sense, the storage in silobags has been considered the most adequate option of keeping seeds until the next sowing season. However, seeds in silo bags are protected from wheatear conditions just by a thin polyethylene film, then, keeping the seed physiological quality could be a problem. In the present study, the environmental conditions showed a marked daily temperature alternation and particular variations of rainfall and humidity. Both factors, temperature and humidity, are considered decisive in the deterioration of quality of orthodox seeds. This work was developed during the 2015/2016 seasons in Coronel Mollinedo and Río Piedra, in the agro ecological región Umbral al Chaco, Salta province. Soybean seeds were harvested and stored in silobags for approximately three months. Then, they were packed in 40 kg polypropylene bags, which were kept in close shelters or in cold chambers (10° C), 150 days more . From June 1st 2015 to February 29th 2016 parameters of physiological quality were measured for each storage condition and location. Seed humidity during storage in silo bag was more stable in Coronel Mollinedo than in Río Piedra, while seed temperature was associated to the room temperature. The parameters of viability and germination stayed high and similar for both locations. The vigor of seeds, as for tetrazolium test as for accelerated aging test, was higher in Coronel Mollinedo than in Río Piedra (below 72%). For storage seeds in polypropylene bags and in cold chamber the parameters of viability, germination and vigor stayed stationary during the experiment in both locations (between 91 to 96%). On the other hand, for storage seeds in polypropylene bags and in shelter, all parameters decreased on the last date (February 29th 2016) in both locations, more deeply for seeds from Río Piedra. The lower quality for seeds from Río Piedra might be due to the worse storage condition at the beginning of the experiment. We found that silo bags in this place were damage by animals. Additionally, during this stage, the rainfall was higher in Río Piedra than in Coronel Mollinedo, thus increasing seeds humidity.This work showed that both the silobag and polypropylene bags would be suitable forms to keep high and relatively stable seeds physiological quality, only until the next sowing season (approximately seven months), but not later (carry over). Moreover, it could be possible as long as silo bags are no damage. On the other hand, for seeds in propylene bags and storage until the next sowing season (carry over), only the cold chamber condition was capable to keep seed physiological quality.
The soybean is one of the greatest crop productions in the Northwest of Argentina, Salta province is located in the second place in importance of sowed area. The increase in soybean production highlighted the lack of adequate infrastructure for the storage of soybean seeds. In this sense, the storage in silobags has been considered the most adequate option of keeping seeds until the next sowing season. However, seeds in silo bags are protected from wheatear conditions just by a thin polyethylene film, then, keeping the seed physiological quality could be a problem. In the present study, the environmental conditions showed a marked daily temperature alternation and particular variations of rainfall and humidity. Both factors, temperature and humidity, are considered decisive in the deterioration of quality of orthodox seeds. This work was developed during the 2015/2016 seasons in Coronel Mollinedo and Río Piedra, in the agro ecological región Umbral al Chaco, Salta province. Soybean seeds were harvested and stored in silobags for approximately three months. Then, they were packed in 40 kg polypropylene bags, which were kept in close shelters or in cold chambers (10° C), 150 days more . From June 1st 2015 to February 29th 2016 parameters of physiological quality were measured for each storage condition and location. Seed humidity during storage in silo bag was more stable in Coronel Mollinedo than in Río Piedra, while seed temperature was associated to the room temperature. The parameters of viability and germination stayed high and similar for both locations. The vigor of seeds, as for tetrazolium test as for accelerated aging test, was higher in Coronel Mollinedo than in Río Piedra (below 72%). For storage seeds in polypropylene bags and in cold chamber the parameters of viability, germination and vigor stayed stationary during the experiment in both locations (between 91 to 96%). On the other hand, for storage seeds in polypropylene bags and in shelter, all parameters decreased on the last date (February 29th 2016) in both locations, more deeply for seeds from Río Piedra. The lower quality for seeds from Río Piedra might be due to the worse storage condition at the beginning of the experiment. We found that silo bags in this place were damage by animals. Additionally, during this stage, the rainfall was higher in Río Piedra than in Coronel Mollinedo, thus increasing seeds humidity.This work showed that both the silobag and polypropylene bags would be suitable forms to keep high and relatively stable seeds physiological quality, only until the next sowing season (approximately seven months), but not later (carry over). Moreover, it could be possible as long as silo bags are no damage. On the other hand, for seeds in propylene bags and storage until the next sowing season (carry over), only the cold chamber condition was capable to keep seed physiological quality.