¿Ampliación de las oportunidades en la educación superior o democratización? : cuatro experiencias en América Latina
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Universidad de Costa Rica
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En este ensayo se abordará la expansión de oportunidades en la educación superior producida en las
últimas décadas en América Latina, una cuestión que adquiere singular relieve ante la profunda desigualdad
social que padece la región. Aunque aquella es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para la
democratización de este nivel, esa brecha no es habitualmente reconocida por las diversas perspectivas de
análisis sobre el tema. A tal efecto, se revisará en primer lugar la discusión teórica proveniente de los aportes de
la sociología francesa que permitirá recoger la complejidad y matices de este concepto. Esta exploración revelará
que si bien la ampliación de las oportunidades en el nivel superior supone cierto grado de democratización, no
anula exclusiones anteriores ni asegura que los diferentes grupos sociales tengan las mismas chances de
obtener resultados similares en el tránsito educativo. Por eso una definición más restringida de democratización
debe poner el acento en la reducción de las desigualdades sociales, proceso que no siempre acompaña de
manera lineal la expansión de las oportunidades. En segundo lugar, se analizarán las diversas modalidades que
adopta una política de expansión con objetivos coincidentes en cuatro casos nacionales (Argentina, Brasil,
México y Venezuela), un ejercicio comparativo que nos permitirá reconocer sus alcances y límites en el proceso
democratizador
In this essay, we will analyze the expansion of the opportunities for enrollment in Higher Education that have been taking place over the last decades in Latin America. This is a subject that becomes very important because of the critical social inequality that characterizes the region. Although that expansion is a necessary condition it doesn’t assure the democratization of the third educational level. Nevertheless, this gap is not often recognized by the different social perspectives of analysis. With this scope, in first time, we’ll revise the theoretical discussion that, especially with the contribution of the French sociology, tries to understand the complexities and different shades of this concept. In this sense, although the enlargement of the access to Higher Education supposes always a kind of democratization, it doesn’t cancel previous exclusion or implies similar opportunities of success in the academic institutions for different social groups. That is why a restrictive definition of democratization must emphasize the decrease of the social inequalities, a process that not always joins the expansion of opportunities. On the other hand, we’ll make an analysis of the different modalities that this policy, with the same goals, adopts in four different countries (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela). This analysis will let us acknowledge not only the national aspects of this issue but also what are the ranges and limits of these democratization policies in each of the countries discussed
In this essay, we will analyze the expansion of the opportunities for enrollment in Higher Education that have been taking place over the last decades in Latin America. This is a subject that becomes very important because of the critical social inequality that characterizes the region. Although that expansion is a necessary condition it doesn’t assure the democratization of the third educational level. Nevertheless, this gap is not often recognized by the different social perspectives of analysis. With this scope, in first time, we’ll revise the theoretical discussion that, especially with the contribution of the French sociology, tries to understand the complexities and different shades of this concept. In this sense, although the enlargement of the access to Higher Education supposes always a kind of democratization, it doesn’t cancel previous exclusion or implies similar opportunities of success in the academic institutions for different social groups. That is why a restrictive definition of democratization must emphasize the decrease of the social inequalities, a process that not always joins the expansion of opportunities. On the other hand, we’ll make an analysis of the different modalities that this policy, with the same goals, adopts in four different countries (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela). This analysis will let us acknowledge not only the national aspects of this issue but also what are the ranges and limits of these democratization policies in each of the countries discussed
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