Los modelos de vinculación externa en materia de seguridad energética implementados por las potencias emergentes : los casos de Brasil, India y China en África Subsahariana durante el período 2003-2014
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2019-03-07
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
Resumen
La presente investigación doctoral se asienta sobre dos pilares de discusión que se
influyen mutuamente. Por un lado, el modo en que Brasil, India y China, bajo determinadas
condiciones domésticas y sistémicas, realizan la extracción de recursos naturales estratégicos
por fuera de sus fronteras territoriales con el fin de alcanzar su seguridad energética, y por
otro lado, la problemática de la extracción de tales recursos en los países de África
Subsahariana.
Dado que el objeto de estudio aquí analizado trata de un fenómeno poliédrico, se optó
por un pluralismo teórico, utilizando elementos del realismo neoclásico y de los enfoques
poscoloniales. Se parte del supuesto de que Brasil, India y China son potencias emergentes y
se desarrolla la categoría analítica de “modelo de vinculación externa en materia de seguridad
energética” para dar a conocer la complejidad e imbricación entre la política doméstica y la
política externa en las cuestiones energéticas.
El trabajo se propone de manera general, analizar los modelos de vinculación externa
en materia de seguridad energética implementados por los gobiernos de Brasil, India y China
en África Subsahariana, particularmente en Nigeria y Angola, en el período 2003-2014. De
forma más específica se busca, en primer lugar, en primer lugar, describir las políticas
domésticas en materia de seguridad energética de Brasil, India y China que justifican el
desarrollo de modelos de vinculación externa en África Subsahariana. En segundo lugar,
identificar y analizar las características distintivas de estos modelos desarrollados por cada
uno de los países bajo estudio en Nigeria y Angola tomando en consideración cuatro
dimensiones: la acción diplomática, la inserción comercial, las estrategias de las compañías
petroleras estatales y la cooperación técnica. En tercer lugar, analizar los efectos desarrollistas
y/o extractivistas generados por dichos modelos de vinculación en Nigeria y Angola. La investigación postula como hipótesis general que los gobiernos de Brasil, India y
China han desarrollado diferentes modelos de vinculación externa en materia de seguridad
energética en África Subsahariana respondiendo a sus necesidades domésticas de
aprovisionamiento petrolero y en función de las diferencias en sus capacidades materiales
relativas. En este contexto, el modelo de vinculación de China ha sido preponderantemente
extractivista mientras que los modelos de Brasil e India han sido preponderantemente
desarrollistas.
The present doctoral research is based on two pillars of discussion which have a mutual influence. On the one hand, it deals with the way in which Brazil, India and China extract certain natural resources outside their own territories in order to reach energy security. On the other hand, the issue of resource extraction within Sub-Saharan African countries. As the object of study analyzed here is a polyhedral phenomenon, a theoretical pluralism was chosen, using elements from neoclassical realism and postcolonial studies. Within this framework it is assumed that Brazil, India and China are emerging powers and an analytical category called “external linkage model on energy security” was developed to show the complexity and imbrication between domestic policy and foreign policy regarding energy issues. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the external linkage models on energy security implemented by Brazil, India and China’s governments in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Angola, during 2003-2014. More specifically, describes the emerging powers’ energy policies which justify the development of external linkage models in Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, identifies and analyzes the external linkage models on energy security’s distinctive features developed by each country under study in Nigeria and Angola, regarding four dimensions: diplomacy, trade, national oil companies’ strategies and technical cooperation. Finally, analyses the effects in Nigeria and Angola produced by the external linkage models on energy security, which could be developmental and/or extractivist. The hypothesis of this research considers that Brazil, India and China’s governments have shaped different external linkage models on energy security in Sub-Saharan Africa as a result of their domestic oil needs and their relative material capabilities. At the same time, those external linkage models on energy security can be prone to development or extractivism. Within this context, China’s linkage model has been mainly extractivist meanwhile Brazil and India’s models have been mainly developmental.
The present doctoral research is based on two pillars of discussion which have a mutual influence. On the one hand, it deals with the way in which Brazil, India and China extract certain natural resources outside their own territories in order to reach energy security. On the other hand, the issue of resource extraction within Sub-Saharan African countries. As the object of study analyzed here is a polyhedral phenomenon, a theoretical pluralism was chosen, using elements from neoclassical realism and postcolonial studies. Within this framework it is assumed that Brazil, India and China are emerging powers and an analytical category called “external linkage model on energy security” was developed to show the complexity and imbrication between domestic policy and foreign policy regarding energy issues. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the external linkage models on energy security implemented by Brazil, India and China’s governments in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Angola, during 2003-2014. More specifically, describes the emerging powers’ energy policies which justify the development of external linkage models in Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, identifies and analyzes the external linkage models on energy security’s distinctive features developed by each country under study in Nigeria and Angola, regarding four dimensions: diplomacy, trade, national oil companies’ strategies and technical cooperation. Finally, analyses the effects in Nigeria and Angola produced by the external linkage models on energy security, which could be developmental and/or extractivist. The hypothesis of this research considers that Brazil, India and China’s governments have shaped different external linkage models on energy security in Sub-Saharan Africa as a result of their domestic oil needs and their relative material capabilities. At the same time, those external linkage models on energy security can be prone to development or extractivism. Within this context, China’s linkage model has been mainly extractivist meanwhile Brazil and India’s models have been mainly developmental.
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Palabras clave
Seguridad energética, Potencias emergentes, Brasil, India, China, África Subsahariana