El principio de la libertad y el imperativo del orden en la filosofía kantiana del derecho
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
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En sus principales escritos políticos, Kant define la libertad en sentido
jurídico como la capacidad de no obedecer sino a aquellas leyes a las que se ha
dado consentimiento, definición que evoca uno de los principios fundamentales
reivindicados por la tradición republicana: el principio de autolegislación. Nuestra
investigación examina la conexión entre esta concepción de la libertad y una serie
de aspectos doctrinales de la filosofía política kantiana a los que proponemos
caracterizar bajo la expresión general de un imperativo del orden, a saber: la
exigencia de una estricta limitación de la libertad en el ámbito del llamado uso
privado de la razón,la impugnación del derecho de resistenciay, finalmente, la
restricción del derecho deciudadanía activa.Si bien Kant concibe la libertad no
sólo como un derecho innato e inalienable del hombre, sino asimismo como un
principio de legitimidad básico y fundamental del orden político, los aspectos
mencionados parecen comprometer la primacía que se otorga al concepto de
libertad en su doctrina jurídico-política. Las dificultades que se presentan al
momento de articular el principio de la libertady elimperativo del ordenparecen
generar, en efecto, una tensión capaz de comprometer la consistencia teórica y la
coherencia interna de dicha doctrina. Sin embargo, si se consideran las reflexiones
kantianas en torno a la Ilustración y, por otra parte, los principios fundamentales
de su filosofía de la historia, es posible resolver esta tensión. Conforme el género
humano avance en la realización gradual del proyecto ilustrado, las restricciones a
la libertad resultarán menos necesarias, y el derecho de ciudadanía será ampliado
a sectores más amplios de la población. La reforma progresiva de las instituciones
jurídico-políticas permitirá a los hombres avanzar en la realización de ciertosfines
que la razón práctica nos impone en carácter deberes, fines tales como la
constitución republicana, el derecho cosmopolita y la paz perpetua entre los
Estados.El análisis pormenorizado de los tópicos mencionados permitirá mostrar
que las estrictas limitaciones impuestas al uso privadode la razón, la restricción
del derecho de ciudadanía, y la impugnación de un derecho de resistencia se
fundan en una concepción del orden como condición sine qua non del estado de
derecho, el cual es considerado por Kant, a su vez, como condición de todo
progreso histórico
In his main political writings, Kant defines juridical freedom as the capacity of an individual obeying only those laws which he has consented to, a definition that invokes one of the fundamental principles of the Republican tradition: the principle of self-legislation. My investigation examines the connection between this conception of freedom and several doctrinal aspects which I analyze under the notion of an imperative of order, namely: the demand for a strict limitation of freedom in the sphere of the so-called private use of reason, the rejection of a right of resistanceand, finally, the restriction of active citizenship. Although Kant conceives freedom not only as an innate and inalienable right of human beings, but also as a basic and fundamental principle of legitimacy of political order, the aspects just mentioned seem to compromise the primacy granted to the concept of freedom in his juridical-political doctrine. The problems involved in the articulation of the principle of freedom and the imperative of order seem to produce a tension that could affect the theoretical consistency and the internal coherence of such doctrine. Nevertheless, when one analyzes Kant’ reflections on Enlightenment together with the fundamental principles of his Philosophy of History, it becomes possible to solve this tension. As soon as mankind makes progress concerning the project of Enlightenment, the restrictions of freedom will gradually become less necessary, and the right of citizenship will be extended to larger sectors of the population. The gradual reform of juridical and political institutions will allow men to progress in the realization of certain ends, which our practical reason impose us in terms of duties, such as the duty of instituting a Republican constitution, a cosmopolitan right, and perpetual peace among States. The analysis of the mentioned topics will allow us to show that the strict limitations imposed by Kant to theprivate use of reason, his restriction of the right of citizenship and his rejection of a right of resistance are founded on a conception of order as a necessary condition of the rightful state, which is in turn considered by Kant as an essential condition of historical progress
In his main political writings, Kant defines juridical freedom as the capacity of an individual obeying only those laws which he has consented to, a definition that invokes one of the fundamental principles of the Republican tradition: the principle of self-legislation. My investigation examines the connection between this conception of freedom and several doctrinal aspects which I analyze under the notion of an imperative of order, namely: the demand for a strict limitation of freedom in the sphere of the so-called private use of reason, the rejection of a right of resistanceand, finally, the restriction of active citizenship. Although Kant conceives freedom not only as an innate and inalienable right of human beings, but also as a basic and fundamental principle of legitimacy of political order, the aspects just mentioned seem to compromise the primacy granted to the concept of freedom in his juridical-political doctrine. The problems involved in the articulation of the principle of freedom and the imperative of order seem to produce a tension that could affect the theoretical consistency and the internal coherence of such doctrine. Nevertheless, when one analyzes Kant’ reflections on Enlightenment together with the fundamental principles of his Philosophy of History, it becomes possible to solve this tension. As soon as mankind makes progress concerning the project of Enlightenment, the restrictions of freedom will gradually become less necessary, and the right of citizenship will be extended to larger sectors of the population. The gradual reform of juridical and political institutions will allow men to progress in the realization of certain ends, which our practical reason impose us in terms of duties, such as the duty of instituting a Republican constitution, a cosmopolitan right, and perpetual peace among States. The analysis of the mentioned topics will allow us to show that the strict limitations imposed by Kant to theprivate use of reason, his restriction of the right of citizenship and his rejection of a right of resistance are founded on a conception of order as a necessary condition of the rightful state, which is in turn considered by Kant as an essential condition of historical progress
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