Impacto del glifosato sobre la macrofauna edáfica y evaluación del lotus (Lotus corniculatus L.) como especie fitorremediadora .
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional de Rosario
Resumen
El uso intensivo de herbicidas en la agricultura puede afectar la biodiversidad edáfica
y la calidad de los suelos, generando la necesidad de plantear alternativas de manejo
sostenible. En este contexto, se evaluó el impacto del glifosato sobre la macrofauna
edáfica y el potencial del lotus (Lotus corniculatus) como especie fitorremediadora. Se
realizó un experimento con dos usos de suelo (barbecho y lotus) y tres dosis de
glifosato (testigo, 2 L ha⁻¹ y 5 L ha⁻¹), con muestreos en el otoño y la primavera de
2024. Se determinaron abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de la macrofauna, su
composición trófica y el Índice de Evaluación del Hábitat Edáfico (IEHE). La
abundancia fue significativamente mayor en barbecho con la dosis más alta en ambas
estaciones, mientras que en lotus se mantuvo baja y relativamente uniforme entre
dosis. La riqueza no mostró diferencias estadísticas entre los factores considerados,
mientras que la diversidad aumentó en la primavera con respecto al otoño,
presentando valores más elevados en los testigos y sin diferencias claras entre dosis.
En cuanto a las relaciones funcionales entre grupos tróficos, las proporciones de
detritívoros y la relación entre la abundancia de lombrices y hormigas sugirieron
respuestas sensibles a la estacionalidad y al manejo. La valoración del IEHE fue
“favorable” en todos los tratamientos, siendo el componente macrofauna el más
sensible, especialmente cuando el lotus presentó escaso desarrollo bajo condiciones
de déficit hídrico. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el glifosato podría modificar
las comunidades de macrofauna, principalmente a través de cambios en el hábitat del
suelo, y que el lotus tendría potencial para atenuar parcialmente dichos efectos, lo
cual estaría condicionado por su grado de desarrollo y las condiciones
edafoclimáticas. No obstante, sería recomendable profundizar estos resultados en
series temporales más extensas y medir residuos de glifosato en suelo para
robustecer la inferencia.
The intensive use of herbicides in agriculture can affect soil biodiversity and soil quality, generating the need to propose sustainable management alternatives. In this context, the impact of glyphosate on soil macrofauna and the potential of lotus (Lotus corniculatus) as a phytoremediation specie were evaluated. An experiment was conducted with two land uses (fallow and lotus) and three glyphosate doses (control, 2 L ha⁻¹ and 5 L ha⁻¹), with sampling in the fall and spring of 2024. The abundance, richness, and diversity of macrofauna, their trophic composition and the Edaphic Habitat Evaluation Index (EHEI) were determined. Abundance was significantly higher in fallow with the highest dose in both seasons, while in lotus it remained low and relatively uniform between doses. Richness showed no statistical differences among the factors considered, while diversity increased in spring compared to autumn, presenting higher values in the controls and without clear differences between doses. Regarding the functional relationships between trophic groups, the proportions of detritivores and the relationship between the abundance of earthworms and ants suggested responses sensitive to seasonality and management. The IEHE assessment was "favorable" in all treatments, with the macrofauna component being the most sensitive, especially when lotus showed poor development under water deficit conditions. The results indicated that glyphosate could modify macrofauna communities, primarily through changes in soil habitat, and that the lotus had the potential to partially mitigate these effects, which would be conditioned by its degree of development and soil and climate conditions. However, it would be necessary to explore these results in longer periods of time and measure glyphosate residues in soil to strengthen the inference.
The intensive use of herbicides in agriculture can affect soil biodiversity and soil quality, generating the need to propose sustainable management alternatives. In this context, the impact of glyphosate on soil macrofauna and the potential of lotus (Lotus corniculatus) as a phytoremediation specie were evaluated. An experiment was conducted with two land uses (fallow and lotus) and three glyphosate doses (control, 2 L ha⁻¹ and 5 L ha⁻¹), with sampling in the fall and spring of 2024. The abundance, richness, and diversity of macrofauna, their trophic composition and the Edaphic Habitat Evaluation Index (EHEI) were determined. Abundance was significantly higher in fallow with the highest dose in both seasons, while in lotus it remained low and relatively uniform between doses. Richness showed no statistical differences among the factors considered, while diversity increased in spring compared to autumn, presenting higher values in the controls and without clear differences between doses. Regarding the functional relationships between trophic groups, the proportions of detritivores and the relationship between the abundance of earthworms and ants suggested responses sensitive to seasonality and management. The IEHE assessment was "favorable" in all treatments, with the macrofauna component being the most sensitive, especially when lotus showed poor development under water deficit conditions. The results indicated that glyphosate could modify macrofauna communities, primarily through changes in soil habitat, and that the lotus had the potential to partially mitigate these effects, which would be conditioned by its degree of development and soil and climate conditions. However, it would be necessary to explore these results in longer periods of time and measure glyphosate residues in soil to strengthen the inference.
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