Evaluación de diferentes dispositivos para la autopolinización en maíz (Zea mays, L.)
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Universidad Nacional de Rosario
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La producción de híbridos de maíz (Zea mays, L.) se basa en la utilización de la
heterosis que deviene de la superioridad de la generación F1, proveniente de la cruza entre
dos líneas puras, las que se obtienen luego de sucesivas generaciones de autopolinizaciones.
Para realizar las autofecundaciones se utiliza una metodología convencional que consiste en
cubrir tanto la inflorescencia masculina, como la femenina de cada planta individualmente y
en varios momentos de intervención. Para cubrir las inflorescencias, en este trabajo se usaron
tres dispositivos alternativos diseñados y construidos ad hoc: Papel (P), Friselina (F) y Nylon
(N) que se colocaron en un solo momento en una única pieza de cobertura de las
inflorescencias; se utilizó también la metodología convencional (C). Se sembraron dos líneas
endocriadas de maíz pertenecientes a grupos heteróticos diferentes con relación al tipo de
grano el 19 de octubre de 2019 en Santa Isabel, Santa Fe. En la distribución espacial del ensayo
cada línea de parental tuvo una función específica; en una de ellas se realizaron las
polinizaciones con los diferentes dispositivos, mientras que la otra funcionó como aporte de
polen contaminante, rodeando totalmente a cada surco polinizado. Los dispositivos se
colocaron antes que las plantas iniciaran el período reproductivo, previo a R1 (Ritchie y
Hanway, 1982). Para comparar la utilidad potencial entre los dispositivos usados se evaluó el
tiempo operativo (TO) demandado para su colocación, el peso de promedio (PProm) y el peso
de 1000 semillas (P1000), el poder germinativo y el vigor (PG y VG, respectivamente), así como
la Pureza genética (PGen). Con respecto a TO se observaron diferencias significativas entre
los dispositivos (F= 450,16; p < 0,0001), donde el dispositivo F, debido al diseño y a la
naturaleza del material del dispositivo fue la que menor tiempo operativo requirió y N el
mayor tiempo, ya que se trató de un dispositivo de doble apertura, que deja las hojas
expuestas al ambiente y así evitar la condensación. En cuanto al PProm y el P1000 tuvieron
diferencias significativas entre los dispositivos, resultando N el de menor PProm y mayor
P1000. (F=133,75; p < 0,0001 y F= 30,36; p < 0,0001 respectivamente). El PProm fue F=75,13;
C=76,05 y N=14,72 debido al establecimiento de muy pocas y aisladas semillas. El P1000 fue
de N=250,25, C=243,5 y F=234,25. Los valores promedios de PG y de VG obtenidos fueron
similares para todos los dispositivos usados. La calidad genética disminuyó significativamente
con el dispositivo de N, posiblemente debido a sus microperforaciones que podrían haber
permitido el ingreso de polen contaminante. Los resultados de este trabajo final mostraron
que con el dispositivo Friselina se obtuvieron rendimientos similares a los obtenidos con el
dispositivo Convencional. La pureza genética fue del 100% y similar al Convencional, mientras
que el TO disminuyó significativamente. Los parámetros de calidad fisiológica fueron similares
entre todos los dispositivos. Esto convertiría al uso de Friselina, como una alternativa
instrumental y metodológica para el proceso de obtención de líneas endocriadas a campo,
materialidad y diseño para ser explorado más profundamente a futuro.
The production of corn (Zea mays, L.) hybrids is based on the use of heterosis resulting from the superiority of the F1 generation, coming from the cross between two pure lines, which are obtained after successive generations of self-pollination. To carry out the self pollinations, a conventional methodology is used, which consists of covering both the male and female inflorescence of each plant individually and at various times of intervention. To cover the inflorescences, three different designed and constructed ad hoc alternatives were used in this work: Paper (P), Friselina [non-woven fabric] (F) and Nylon (N), which were placed at single time on a single piece covering the inflorescences; the conventional methodology (C) was also used. Two corn inbred lines belonging to different heterotic groups in relation to grain type were sown on 19 October 2019 in Santa Isabel, Santa Fe. In the spatial distribution of the trial each parental line had a specific function; in one of them the pollinations were performed with the different alternative methods, while the other functioned as a contaminant pollen source, totally surrounding each pollinated row. These devices were placed before the plants began their reproductive period, prior to R1 (Ritchie and Hanway, 1982). To compare the potential usefulness of the methods used, the operative time (TO) required for their placement, the average weight (PProm) and 1000-seed weight (P1000), germination power and vigor (PG and VG, respectively), as well as Genetic Purity (PGen) were evaluated. With respect to TO, significant differences were observed among the devices (F= 450.16; p < 0.0001), where the F device, due to the design and the characteristics of the material was the one that required the shortest operating time and the N device the longest time, since it had a double opening, in order to leave the leaves exposed to the environment and thus avoid condensation inside. As regards the PProm and the P1000 there were significant differences among the devices, resulting N in a lower PProm and a higher P1000 (F=133.75; p < 0.0001 and F= 30.36; p < 0.0001 respectively). The PProm was F=75.13; C=76.05 and N=14.72 due to the development of very few and isolated seeds. The P1000 was N=250,25, C=243.5 and F=234.25. The average PG and VG values obtained were similar for all the devices used. The genetic quality decreased significantly with the N material, possibly due to its micro-perforations that could have allowed the entry of contaminant pollen. The results of this final work showed that similar yields to the Conventional device were obtained with the Friselina one. Genetic purity was 100% and similar to the Conventional method, while TO decreased significantly. Physiological quality parameters were similar among all methods. This would make the use of Friselina an instrumental and methodological alternative for the process of obtaining inbred lines in the field, material and design to be further explored in the future.
The production of corn (Zea mays, L.) hybrids is based on the use of heterosis resulting from the superiority of the F1 generation, coming from the cross between two pure lines, which are obtained after successive generations of self-pollination. To carry out the self pollinations, a conventional methodology is used, which consists of covering both the male and female inflorescence of each plant individually and at various times of intervention. To cover the inflorescences, three different designed and constructed ad hoc alternatives were used in this work: Paper (P), Friselina [non-woven fabric] (F) and Nylon (N), which were placed at single time on a single piece covering the inflorescences; the conventional methodology (C) was also used. Two corn inbred lines belonging to different heterotic groups in relation to grain type were sown on 19 October 2019 in Santa Isabel, Santa Fe. In the spatial distribution of the trial each parental line had a specific function; in one of them the pollinations were performed with the different alternative methods, while the other functioned as a contaminant pollen source, totally surrounding each pollinated row. These devices were placed before the plants began their reproductive period, prior to R1 (Ritchie and Hanway, 1982). To compare the potential usefulness of the methods used, the operative time (TO) required for their placement, the average weight (PProm) and 1000-seed weight (P1000), germination power and vigor (PG and VG, respectively), as well as Genetic Purity (PGen) were evaluated. With respect to TO, significant differences were observed among the devices (F= 450.16; p < 0.0001), where the F device, due to the design and the characteristics of the material was the one that required the shortest operating time and the N device the longest time, since it had a double opening, in order to leave the leaves exposed to the environment and thus avoid condensation inside. As regards the PProm and the P1000 there were significant differences among the devices, resulting N in a lower PProm and a higher P1000 (F=133.75; p < 0.0001 and F= 30.36; p < 0.0001 respectively). The PProm was F=75.13; C=76.05 and N=14.72 due to the development of very few and isolated seeds. The P1000 was N=250,25, C=243.5 and F=234.25. The average PG and VG values obtained were similar for all the devices used. The genetic quality decreased significantly with the N material, possibly due to its micro-perforations that could have allowed the entry of contaminant pollen. The results of this final work showed that similar yields to the Conventional device were obtained with the Friselina one. Genetic purity was 100% and similar to the Conventional method, while TO decreased significantly. Physiological quality parameters were similar among all methods. This would make the use of Friselina an instrumental and methodological alternative for the process of obtaining inbred lines in the field, material and design to be further explored in the future.
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