Historia biogeográfica del Gran Chaco: análisis filogeográfico y modelado de nicho de Microspingus melanoleucus (Aves: Thraupidae)
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. UNR
Resumen
Las fluctuaciones climáticas del Cuaternario afectaron a nivel global la distribución de
la vegetación, condicionando conjuntamente la distribución y evolución de la fauna
asociada. El Gran Chaco integra la Diagonal de formaciones abiertas, y es objeto
fundamental en hipótesis de conexiones pasadas entre la Selva Atlántica y la
Amazonía y las Yungas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar si el Gran Chaco
fue escenario de expansión de bosques higrófilos durante las fluctuaciones climáticas
del Pleistoceno, que podrían haber conectado la Selva Atlántica y las Yungas. Para
poner a prueba la hipótesis se utilizó como modelo de estudio un ave endémica
chaqueña, la Monterita Cabeza Negra Microspingus melanoleucus (Aves:
Thraupidae). Se estudiaron secuencias de ADN de marcadores nucleares y
mitocondriales de 27 muestras de distintas localidades de Argentina y Bolivia, y se las
dividió en cuatro grupos (Norte, Sur, Este y Oeste). Se generaron redes de haplotipos,
se estimó la diversidad, estadísticas sumarias y se realizaron AMOVAs. El análisis
genético se complementó con modelados de nicho ecológico para el presente y
períodos pasados (Último Interglacial, Último Glacial Máximo y Holoceno Medio). Los
resultados indicaron alto flujo génico en toda la distribución del ave, sin que existan
linajes restrictos geográficamente. Los modelados de nicho no reflejaron grandes
modificaciones en la distribución, aunque sugirieron para el presente, ausencia de
hábitat a lo largo de una diagonal en sentido noreste-sudoeste, la cual se agudizó en
el Holoceno Medio y desapareció en el Último Glacial Máximo. Estas variaciones se
encontrarían relacionadas con cambios microclimáticos dentro del Gran Chaco. Los
resultados obtenidos permiten concluir estabilidad temporal de la ecorregión
chaqueña, por lo que se rechaza la hipótesis de expansiones de bosques higrófilos en
el área, en una magnitud tal que haya fragmentado la distribución del modelo de
estudio en Norte/Sur para el período histórico analizado.
Quaternary climatic fluctuations affected the distribution of vegetation at a global level, conditioning the distribution and evolution of the associated fauna. The Gran Chaco, included in the Diagonal of open formations, is a fundamental region to test hypothesis of past connections between the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon and the Yungas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Gran Chaco was the stage of expansion of wet forests during Pleistocene climatic oscillations, which could have connected the Atlantic Forest and the Yungas. To test the hypothesis, an endemic Chaco bird, the Black-capped Warbling Finch Microspingus melanoleucus (Aves: Thraupidae) was used as study model. DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial markers from 27 samples of different locations from Argentina and Bolivia were divided into four groups (North, South, East and West) and studied using a phylogeographic approach. Haplotype networks were generated, diversity and summary statistics were estimated and AMOVAs were performed. The genetic analysis was complemented with ecological niche modeling (ENM) for the present and past periods (Last Interglacial, Last Glacial Maximum and Middle Holocene). The results indicated high gene flow among the studied populations, with no geographically restricted lineages. The niche models showed a relatively conserved distribution range across historic periods, although they suggested for the present and particularly in the Mid Holocene absence of habitat suitability along a diagonal in the northeast-southwest direction. These variations would be related to microclimatic changes within the Gran Chaco. The results obtained support the temporal stability of the Gran Chaco ecoregion, and reject the hypothesis of expansions of hygrophilous forests in an extent that they have fragmented the distribution of the study model into North/South for the historical period considered.
Quaternary climatic fluctuations affected the distribution of vegetation at a global level, conditioning the distribution and evolution of the associated fauna. The Gran Chaco, included in the Diagonal of open formations, is a fundamental region to test hypothesis of past connections between the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon and the Yungas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Gran Chaco was the stage of expansion of wet forests during Pleistocene climatic oscillations, which could have connected the Atlantic Forest and the Yungas. To test the hypothesis, an endemic Chaco bird, the Black-capped Warbling Finch Microspingus melanoleucus (Aves: Thraupidae) was used as study model. DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial markers from 27 samples of different locations from Argentina and Bolivia were divided into four groups (North, South, East and West) and studied using a phylogeographic approach. Haplotype networks were generated, diversity and summary statistics were estimated and AMOVAs were performed. The genetic analysis was complemented with ecological niche modeling (ENM) for the present and past periods (Last Interglacial, Last Glacial Maximum and Middle Holocene). The results indicated high gene flow among the studied populations, with no geographically restricted lineages. The niche models showed a relatively conserved distribution range across historic periods, although they suggested for the present and particularly in the Mid Holocene absence of habitat suitability along a diagonal in the northeast-southwest direction. These variations would be related to microclimatic changes within the Gran Chaco. The results obtained support the temporal stability of the Gran Chaco ecoregion, and reject the hypothesis of expansions of hygrophilous forests in an extent that they have fragmented the distribution of the study model into North/South for the historical period considered.
