Estudio de compuestos vegetales con potencial acción fungicida sobre patógenos de plantas de interés regional
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FCA. UNR
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Evolutivamente las plantas han debido adaptarse al ambiente donde se
desarrollaron. Dentro de los factores que pueden condicionar su crecimiento y
desarrollo se encuentran las poblaciones fúngicas, algunas de las cuales pueden
generar enfermedades, que desde el punto de vista productivo afectan el
rendimiento y posibilidad de generar alimentos primarios y derivados. Actualmente
se utilizan productos fitosanitarios, los cuales controlan las enfermedades pero el
uso inapropiado supone un riesgo para la salud humana y el ambiente. Frente a esta
realidad surge, como una opción sustentable, la utilización de los compuestos
vegetales como potenciales productos antifúngicos o bio-fungicidas. La actividad
antimicrobiana puede estar desempeñada por metabolitos secundarios vegetales.
En este estudio se evaluaron seis compuestos naturales de origen vegetal:
daidzeína, genisteína, dos chalconas (CH1 y CH2), vainillina (3 hidroxi- 4 metoxi benzaldehído), iso-vainillina (4 metoxi-3 hidroxi-benzaldehído) y dos productos
fungicidas comerciales cuyos principios activos son azoxistrobina y carbendazim. Se
evaluó la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) de cada compuesto químico
mediante el método de microdilución frente a cinco géneros fúngicos: Alternaria,
Cladosporium, Fusarium, Phomopsis y Rhizopus por ser agentes causales de
patologías vegetales. Los resultados demostraron que daidzeína, genisteína y la
chalcona CH1 no presentaron acción inhibitoria en concentraciones menores a 250
µg/ml mientras que la chalcona CH2 presentó actividad frente varios géneros
fúngicos. Por su parte la vainillina ha demostrado ser efectivo para inhibir todos los
patógenos evaluados con concentraciones menores a 250 µg/ml pero no así la iso vainillina. En relación a los productos comerciales, ambos han demostrado acción
inhibitoria frente a la mayoría de los patógenos evaluados aunque existieron
excepciones. Se concluye que los metabolitos vegetales como la chalcona CH2 y
vainillina pueden inhibir el crecimiento de los hongos patógenos evaluados,
constituyéndose como potenciales bio-fungicidas.
Evolutively plants have adapted to the environment where they developed. Among the factors that can condition its growth and development are the fungal populations. Some fungal organisms can generate diseases, which from the productive point of view affect the yield and possibility of generating primary foods and derivatives. Phytosanitary products are currently used for controlling diseases but an inappropriate use can be a risk to human health and the environment. According to this reality, the use of plant compounds as potential antifungal or bio fungicidal products arises as a sustainable option. The antimicrobial activity may be exerted by secondary plant metabolites. This study analyzed and evaluated six natural compounds of plant origin: daidzein, genistein, two chalcones (CH1 and CH2), vanillin (3 Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde), iso-vanillin (4-methoxy-3- hydroxy-benzaldehyde) and two commercial fungicidal products whose active principles are azoxystrobin and carbendazim. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each chemical compound was evaluated by means of the microdilution method against five fungal genera: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Phomopsis and Rhizopus because they are causal agents of plant pathologies. The results showed that daidzein, genistein and chalcone CH1 showed no inhibitory action at concentrations lower than 250 μg/ml while chalcone CH2 showed activity against several genera. On the other hand, vanillin inhibited effectively all evaluated pathogens with concentrations lower than 250 μg/ml, but not the iso-vanillin. In relation to commercial products, both have shown inhibitory action against most pathogens evaluated although there were exceptions. It is concluded that plant metabolites such as chalcone CH2 and vanillin can inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi evaluated, constituting potential bio-fungicides.
Evolutively plants have adapted to the environment where they developed. Among the factors that can condition its growth and development are the fungal populations. Some fungal organisms can generate diseases, which from the productive point of view affect the yield and possibility of generating primary foods and derivatives. Phytosanitary products are currently used for controlling diseases but an inappropriate use can be a risk to human health and the environment. According to this reality, the use of plant compounds as potential antifungal or bio fungicidal products arises as a sustainable option. The antimicrobial activity may be exerted by secondary plant metabolites. This study analyzed and evaluated six natural compounds of plant origin: daidzein, genistein, two chalcones (CH1 and CH2), vanillin (3 Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde), iso-vanillin (4-methoxy-3- hydroxy-benzaldehyde) and two commercial fungicidal products whose active principles are azoxystrobin and carbendazim. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each chemical compound was evaluated by means of the microdilution method against five fungal genera: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Phomopsis and Rhizopus because they are causal agents of plant pathologies. The results showed that daidzein, genistein and chalcone CH1 showed no inhibitory action at concentrations lower than 250 μg/ml while chalcone CH2 showed activity against several genera. On the other hand, vanillin inhibited effectively all evaluated pathogens with concentrations lower than 250 μg/ml, but not the iso-vanillin. In relation to commercial products, both have shown inhibitory action against most pathogens evaluated although there were exceptions. It is concluded that plant metabolites such as chalcone CH2 and vanillin can inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi evaluated, constituting potential bio-fungicides.