Transiciones en disputa: el financiamiento chino y la economía política de la energía renovable en Argentina
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Centro de Estudios en Relaciones Internacionales de Rosario (CERIR)
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¿Por qué proyectos de energía renovable financiados por China, que recurren a fuentes de financiamiento similares y operan en un mismo entorno nacional de alta volatilidad, siguen trayectorias de ejecución marcadamente divergentes? Este artículo aborda ese interrogante mediante una comparación pareada de sistemas similares entre dos proyectos financiados por China en Argentina, el parque solar de Cauchari, en Jujuy, y el complejo hidroeléctrico Kirchner-Cepernic, en Santa Cruz. A partir de la economía política internacional crítica y del concepto de interdependencia asimétrica, e integrando un marco de resiliencia de proyectos articulado en torno a la exposición, la absorción, la recuperación y la adaptación, se rastrea cómo los choques políticos, financieros y socioambientales se transmitieron a cada proyecto entre 2014 y 2025. El análisis muestra que la divergencia no fue producto de los choques en sí, que ambos proyectos enfrentaron, sino de las configuraciones institucionales a través de las cuales esos choques fueron absorbidos o amplificados, ante todo el locus de gobernanza, la estructura de asignación del riesgo financiero y el modo de inserción socioambiental. El anclaje provincial de Cauchari, sus garantías de ingresos basadas en reglas y la contención del conflicto social le permitieron alcanzar su finalización, mientras que la concentración ejecutiva de Kirchner-Cepernic, el bloqueo derivado de la cláusula de incumplimiento cruzado y el aplazamiento de los conflictos de derechos lo dejaron atrapado en un ciclo de interrupciones y reinicios. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las instituciones del país receptor no neutralizan la asimetría estructural, sino que median la forma en que la interdependencia asimétrica se traduce en resultados a nivel de proyecto, desplazando el foco analítico desde por qué invierte China hacia cómo se gobierna su proyecto.
Why do Chinese-financed renewable energy projects that draw on similar sources of finance and operate within the same volatile national environment follow sharply divergent delivery trajectories? This article addresses that puzzle through a paired, most-similar comparison of two Chinese-financed projects in Argentina, namely the Cauchari solar park in Jujuy and the Kirchner–Cepernic hydroelectric complex in Santa Cruz. Drawing on critical international political economy and the concept of asymmetric interdependence, and integrating a project-resilience framework built around exposure, absorption, recovery, and adaptation, it traces how political, financial, and socio-environmental shocks were transmitted into each project between 2014 and 2025. The analysis shows that divergence was produced not by the shocks themselves, which both projects faced, but by the institutional configurations through which those shocks were absorbed or amplified, above all the governance locus, the structure of financial risk allocation, and the mode of socio-environmental embedding. Cauchari’s provincial anchoring, rule-based revenue guarantees, and contained social conflict allowed it to reach completion, whereas Kirchner–Cepernic’s executive concentration, cross-default lock-in, and deferred rights conflicts left it trapped in a stop-start cycle. These findings suggest that host-country institutions do not neutralize structural asymmetry but mediate how asymmetric interdependence is translated into project-level outcomes, thereby shifting the analytical focus from why China invests to how its project is governed.
Why do Chinese-financed renewable energy projects that draw on similar sources of finance and operate within the same volatile national environment follow sharply divergent delivery trajectories? This article addresses that puzzle through a paired, most-similar comparison of two Chinese-financed projects in Argentina, namely the Cauchari solar park in Jujuy and the Kirchner–Cepernic hydroelectric complex in Santa Cruz. Drawing on critical international political economy and the concept of asymmetric interdependence, and integrating a project-resilience framework built around exposure, absorption, recovery, and adaptation, it traces how political, financial, and socio-environmental shocks were transmitted into each project between 2014 and 2025. The analysis shows that divergence was produced not by the shocks themselves, which both projects faced, but by the institutional configurations through which those shocks were absorbed or amplified, above all the governance locus, the structure of financial risk allocation, and the mode of socio-environmental embedding. Cauchari’s provincial anchoring, rule-based revenue guarantees, and contained social conflict allowed it to reach completion, whereas Kirchner–Cepernic’s executive concentration, cross-default lock-in, and deferred rights conflicts left it trapped in a stop-start cycle. These findings suggest that host-country institutions do not neutralize structural asymmetry but mediate how asymmetric interdependence is translated into project-level outcomes, thereby shifting the analytical focus from why China invests to how its project is governed.
