Indicadores de la residualidad de fósforo (P), azufre (S) y nitrógeno (N) en suelos de la Pampa ondulada
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. UNR
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Los indicadores químicos del suelo son una herramienta para evaluar la residualidad
de los nutrientes en el suelo, como consecuencia de los manejos nutricionales de los sistemas
de producción en el largo plazo. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue determinar los cambios
en indicadores de residualidad de fósforo (P) y azufre (S) en suelos en respuesta al manejo
de la fertilización con P y S en el largo plazo, y estudiar cambios en indicadores relacionados
con la residualidad del nitrógeno (N) en secuencias que incluyen legumbres, para ser
utilizados como indicadores de la residualidad y su impacto sobre los balances de nutrientes.
Se evaluó la variación de las distintas fracciones de P y S en muestras de suelo,
separadas tanto física como químicamente, luego de diez años de fertilización continua con P
y S con dosis crecientes de fertilización. Además, se relacionó la biodisponibilidad de estas
fracciones con el P y S absorbido por un cultivo prueba de maíz que no recibió fertilización
con P y S, y que fue sembrado al finalizar el ensayo de larga duración. En el caso de la
residualidad de la fertilización fosfatada, el principal destino del fertilizante con P fueron las
fracciones inorgánicas lábiles y moderadamente lábiles i.e. Pi-NaHCO3, Pi-NaOH y Pi-HCl 1
M de P del suelo, mientras que, en el caso de la residualidad de la fertilización azufrada, el
principal destino del fertilizante con S fueron las fracciones de S inorgánico (Si) y S ligado a
ésteres (S-O-C), y en menor medida el S en la materia orgánica particulada (S-MOP).
Asimismo, estas mismas fracciones estuvieron asociadas al P y S biodisponible absorbido por
el cultivo prueba, demostrando ser indicadoras para evaluar los efectos residuales de la
fertilización con P y S en el suelo.
En relación a la residualidad del N, planteado como aquel que proviene de residuos de
cultivos invernales antecesores (vicia, arveja y trigo) con diferentes relaciones C:N, con
respecto al barbecho desnudo y evaluado como la respuesta a la fertilización con N en un
maíz tardío siguiente, y en un cultivo de trigo posterior en la rotación, se demostró que el N
aportado por los cultivos invernales leguminosos (vicia y arveja) fueron suficientes para
satisfacer las demandas del maíz tardío siguiente, mostrando las mayores respuestas a la
fertilización con N cuando el antecesor fue el cultivo de trigo. Sin embargo, el aporte de N
residual proveniente de los cultivos de leguminosas invernales no fue suficiente para satisfacer
la demanda del cultivo de trigo siguiente en la rotación. A corto plazo, sólo las formas
inorgánicas mostraron diferencias entre los distintos antecesores invernales, siendo
indicadoras de la residualidad de N.
Con el fin de comparar los indicadores de residualidad de P y S identificados, se
evaluaron distintos suelos del centro-sur de Santa Fe con distintos manejos nutricionales con
P y S y a dos profundidades de muestreo, mientras que para el caso de la residualidad de N
se utilizaron experimentos con distintas secuencias de cultivos con historias de legumbres
previo al maíz en la rotación. En el caso del P y el S, luego de 19 años de fertilización continua
con P y S, el P residual se acumuló principalmente en las fracciones Pi-NaHCO3, Pi-NaOH y
Pi-HCl 1 M y el S residual en las fracciones Si y S-O-C, independientemente de la profundidad
muestreada en todos los sitios estudiados, confirmando ser indicadoras de la residualidad de
la fertilización fosfatada y azufrada, respectivamente. Sin embargo, las formas inorgánicas de
N no mostraron diferencias entre secuencias de cultivos con legumbres previo al maíz en la
rotación, debido a las limitantes hídricas en las campañas estudiadas.
Soil chemical indicators are useful to evaluate soil residual nutrients, as a consequence of long-term nutrient management of production systems. The general objective of this thesis was to determine changes in residual phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) indicators in soils in response to long-term P and S fertilization management, and to study changes in indicators related to residual nitrogen (N) in sequences that include legumes, to be used as indicators of residuality and its impact on nutrient balances. For this purpose, changes in the different P and S fractions in soil samples (separated both physically and chemically) were evaluated after ten years of continuous fertilization with P and S at increasing fertilization rates. In addition, the bioavailability of these fractions was related to P and S uptake by a maize test crop that did not receive P and S fertilization, and that was sown at the end of the long-term experiment. Regarding phosphate fertilization residuality, the labile and moderately labile inorganic fractions i.e. Pi-NaHCO3, Pi NaOH and Pi-HCl 1 M of soil P, were found to be the main fate of the P fertilizer. As for sulfur fertilization residuality, the main fate of S fertilizer was inorganic S (Si) and ester-bound S (S O-C) fractions, with S in particulate organic matter (S-MOP) being of lesser extent. Likewise, these fractions were linked to the uptake of bioavailable P and S by the test crop, demonstrating their usefulness as indicators for assessing the residual effects of P and S fertilization in the soil. In terms of residual N, which is derived from the residues of the previous winter crops (vetch, field pea, and wheat) with different C:N ratios, compared with a bare fallow, and its response to N fertilization in a following late-maize-wheat crop rotation, it was found that the N supplied by leguminous winter crops (vetch and field pea) were enough to meet the N requirements of the following late-maize. The highest responses to N fertilization were observed when the previous winter crop was wheat. However, the residual N supply from the legume as a winter crop, was insufficient to meet the N requirements of the subsequent wheat crop in the rotation. In the short term, only the inorganic N forms showed differences among different previous winter crops, being useful indicators of residual N. To compare the P and S residual indicators previously identified, different soils in south-central Santa Fe with varying nutritional management of P and S and at two sampling depths were evaluated. For N residual indicators, experiments with different crop sequences that included legume histories before maize in the rotation were used. After 19 years of continuous P and S fertilization, residual P accumulated mainly in the Pi-NaHCO3, Pi-NaOH and Pi-HCl 1 M fractions, while residual S accumulated in the Si and S-O-C fractions. These fractions proved to be indicators of residual phosphate and sulfur fertilization, regardless of the depth sampled at all sites studied. However, there were no differences in the inorganic forms of N between crop sequences with legumes before maize in the rotation, likely due to water limitations during the studied seasons.
Soil chemical indicators are useful to evaluate soil residual nutrients, as a consequence of long-term nutrient management of production systems. The general objective of this thesis was to determine changes in residual phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) indicators in soils in response to long-term P and S fertilization management, and to study changes in indicators related to residual nitrogen (N) in sequences that include legumes, to be used as indicators of residuality and its impact on nutrient balances. For this purpose, changes in the different P and S fractions in soil samples (separated both physically and chemically) were evaluated after ten years of continuous fertilization with P and S at increasing fertilization rates. In addition, the bioavailability of these fractions was related to P and S uptake by a maize test crop that did not receive P and S fertilization, and that was sown at the end of the long-term experiment. Regarding phosphate fertilization residuality, the labile and moderately labile inorganic fractions i.e. Pi-NaHCO3, Pi NaOH and Pi-HCl 1 M of soil P, were found to be the main fate of the P fertilizer. As for sulfur fertilization residuality, the main fate of S fertilizer was inorganic S (Si) and ester-bound S (S O-C) fractions, with S in particulate organic matter (S-MOP) being of lesser extent. Likewise, these fractions were linked to the uptake of bioavailable P and S by the test crop, demonstrating their usefulness as indicators for assessing the residual effects of P and S fertilization in the soil. In terms of residual N, which is derived from the residues of the previous winter crops (vetch, field pea, and wheat) with different C:N ratios, compared with a bare fallow, and its response to N fertilization in a following late-maize-wheat crop rotation, it was found that the N supplied by leguminous winter crops (vetch and field pea) were enough to meet the N requirements of the following late-maize. The highest responses to N fertilization were observed when the previous winter crop was wheat. However, the residual N supply from the legume as a winter crop, was insufficient to meet the N requirements of the subsequent wheat crop in the rotation. In the short term, only the inorganic N forms showed differences among different previous winter crops, being useful indicators of residual N. To compare the P and S residual indicators previously identified, different soils in south-central Santa Fe with varying nutritional management of P and S and at two sampling depths were evaluated. For N residual indicators, experiments with different crop sequences that included legume histories before maize in the rotation were used. After 19 years of continuous P and S fertilization, residual P accumulated mainly in the Pi-NaHCO3, Pi-NaOH and Pi-HCl 1 M fractions, while residual S accumulated in the Si and S-O-C fractions. These fractions proved to be indicators of residual phosphate and sulfur fertilization, regardless of the depth sampled at all sites studied. However, there were no differences in the inorganic forms of N between crop sequences with legumes before maize in the rotation, likely due to water limitations during the studied seasons.
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