Resistencia a imidazolinonas en girasol: evaluación fenotípica, bioquímica y de la expresión de genes ahas
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La acetohidroxiácido sintasa (AHAS) cataliza la primera reacción en la biosíntesis de
aminoácidos de cadena ramificada. Esta enzima es el sitio de acción de herbicidas dentro
de los que se incluyen las imidazolinonas. La resistencia a imidazolinonas en girasol
cultivado, incorporada a partir de una población de girasol maleza, está controlada por dos
genes: Imr1 e Imr2. El primer gen se corresponde con una mutación de ahas1, el cual es
uno de los tres genes que codifica para la subunidad catalítica de AHAS. Se desconoce el
mecanismo relacionado con el segundo gen. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron
caracterizar la resistencia a imidazolinonas en estadios tempranos del desarrollo, a nivel
fenotípico y bioquímico, evaluar la expresión de los tres genes ahas y determinar el
mecanismo de resistencia relacionado a Imr2. La utilización de bioensayos de germinación
en condiciones controladas permitió caracterizar la respuesta al herbicida imazapir en
genotipos con distinto grado de resistencia a imidazolinonas. El crecimiento y desarrollo del
sistema radical y la expansión del primer par de hojas verdaderas fueron los parámetros
más sensibles para discriminar estos genotipos. De manera similar, la actividad AHAS in
vivo permitió distinguir genotipos que difieren a nivel de Imr1. Los niveles relativos de
transcriptos ahas fueron cuantificados mediante RT-qPCR en hojas y raíces de plántulas
control y tratadas con imazapir. Estos niveles se correspondieron con la actividad AHAS
evaluada in vivo e in vitro en dichos tejidos. El tratamiento con imidazolinonas produjo
respuestas tejido-específicas y gen-específicas. Los niveles de expresión AHAS en plántulas
control no difirieron entre los genotipos evaluados, por lo que la alteración o sobreexpresión
de AHAS no serían mecanismos de resistencia presentes en las líneas de girasol bajo
estudio. Para evaluar la participación de citocromo P450 monooxigenasas (P450s) en la
detoxificación del herbicida, se evaluó la respuesta de plántulas sensibles y resistentes bajo
el tratamiento combinado de imazapir e inhibidores de citocromo P450s. Se observó una
disminución de parámetros de crecimiento por el tratamiento combinado en la línea
resistente, por lo que existiría un mecanismo de detoxificación del herbicida imazapir
mediado por isoformas de citocromo P450s. Este mecanismo estaría relacionado al locus
Imr2 y completaría a la resistencia conferida por la mutación en ahas1.
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) catalyzes the first reaction in branch chain amino acids biosynthesis. This enzyme is the target of several herbicides, including all members of the imidazolinone family. In sunflower, imidazolinone resistance from a wild population have been introgressed to elite inbred lines. Two resistance genes, Imr1 and Imr2, were proposed as the genetic basis of the inheritance of imidazolinone resistance. Imr1 is an allelic variant of the ahas1 gene that codes for the AHAS catalytic subunit. The effect of the modifier locus, Imr2, remains unknown. The objectives of this work were to evaluate imidazolinone resistance at early stages of development, both at whole plant and biochemical level, to study the ahas gene expression pattern and to determine the resistance mechanism related to Imr2. The imazapyr response in genotypes differing in imidazolinone resistance was characterized through several bioassays in controlled conditions. Root system growth and leaf expansion were the most sensitive parameters to discriminate these genotypes. Similarly, in vivo AHAS activity allowed the distinction among genotypes that differed at Imr1 locus. Relative transcript levels of ahas genes were measured through RT-qPCR in leaf and root tissues of control and imazapyr-treated plantlets. In vivo and in vitro AHAS activities were consistent with ahas transcriptional levels in those tissues. A gene- and tissue-specific response was observed in treated plantlets. Given that no differences in AHAS expression were found among genotypes, the possibility that Imr2 could be associated with higher levels of AHAS expression is excluded. The growth response to imazapyr in combination with cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) inhibitors was evaluated in sunflower plantlets. The increased phytotoxicity of imazapyr in the resistant line when P450s inhibitor was present suggests that P450s mediates a detoxification mechanism and contributes to herbicide resistance. This mechanism could be related to the effect of the modifier gene Imr2.
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) catalyzes the first reaction in branch chain amino acids biosynthesis. This enzyme is the target of several herbicides, including all members of the imidazolinone family. In sunflower, imidazolinone resistance from a wild population have been introgressed to elite inbred lines. Two resistance genes, Imr1 and Imr2, were proposed as the genetic basis of the inheritance of imidazolinone resistance. Imr1 is an allelic variant of the ahas1 gene that codes for the AHAS catalytic subunit. The effect of the modifier locus, Imr2, remains unknown. The objectives of this work were to evaluate imidazolinone resistance at early stages of development, both at whole plant and biochemical level, to study the ahas gene expression pattern and to determine the resistance mechanism related to Imr2. The imazapyr response in genotypes differing in imidazolinone resistance was characterized through several bioassays in controlled conditions. Root system growth and leaf expansion were the most sensitive parameters to discriminate these genotypes. Similarly, in vivo AHAS activity allowed the distinction among genotypes that differed at Imr1 locus. Relative transcript levels of ahas genes were measured through RT-qPCR in leaf and root tissues of control and imazapyr-treated plantlets. In vivo and in vitro AHAS activities were consistent with ahas transcriptional levels in those tissues. A gene- and tissue-specific response was observed in treated plantlets. Given that no differences in AHAS expression were found among genotypes, the possibility that Imr2 could be associated with higher levels of AHAS expression is excluded. The growth response to imazapyr in combination with cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) inhibitors was evaluated in sunflower plantlets. The increased phytotoxicity of imazapyr in the resistant line when P450s inhibitor was present suggests that P450s mediates a detoxification mechanism and contributes to herbicide resistance. This mechanism could be related to the effect of the modifier gene Imr2.
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