Caracterización de distintos genotipos de papa (Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena) en la provincia de Catamarca y su utilización en el mejoramiento
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. UNR
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La papa andina (Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena Hawkes) es considerada el
“verdadero oro inca”, y ha sido declarada “Tesoro de la Biodiversidad Andina”, es aquel
germoplasma, tanto silvestre como cultivado que comprende diversas especies,
principalmente Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena que constituyen una fuente
invaluable de genes para atributos deseables en la reproducción (Camadro, 2011). Su
diversidad genética es útil para producir variedades de cultivos con tolerancia a la sequía,
al calor y al frío, alta calidad nutricional y resistencia a plagas y enfermedades. La
producción comercial de papa andina en Argentina es incipiente, y está concentrada
principalmente en las provincias de Salta y Jujuy, y menos en Catamarca y otras
provincias cercanas a la cordillera de los Andes (la Rioja, Mendoza, Río Negro). El
mejoramiento genético de la papa andina, está orientado principalmente a formar
cultivares de alto rendimiento comercial, que cumplan con los requerimientos del
mercado y buena estabilidad. En este trabajo se abordan diferentes métodos para evaluar
la variabilidad fenotípica, genética, y molecular, en nueve variedades de papa andina que
se producen en la provincia de Catamarca (Cotagua rosada, Cotagua morada, Collareja,
Bolinca alargada, Bolinca redonda, Ojos de princesa, Tuni, Morada y Malgacha). Estos
cultivares fueron estudiados durante tres años en dos localidades diferentes: La Calera a
1.347 msnm y Las Piedras Blancas a 1.690 msnm, ambos en la provincia de Catamarca.
También se evaluaron las Interacciones Genético - Ambientales de estos cultivares a
través de los años en los diferentes ambientes. Se evaluaron aproximadamente 4.400
tubérculos, en los tres años de cultivo y los dos ambientes , siendo los caracteres
estudiados: 1) Altura promedio de planta (AP, cm), que se evaluó a los 65 días después
de la plantación desde la base del tallo principal hasta la yema terminal; 2) Peso promedio
del tubérculo (PT, g); 3) Largo promedio del tubérculo (LT, mm) medido con calibre; 4)
Número promedio de ramificaciones por planta (NR); 5) Número promedio de tubérculos
por planta (NT); 6) Rendimiento estimado (R, kg/parcela). Se evaluó la variabilidad
fenotípica mediante el Coeficientes de Variación (CV) que resultaron elevados ya que en
general presentaron valores iguales o superiores al 20%. El cálculo de la Heredabilidad
en sentido amplio (H2
) mostró valores altos para la mayoría de los caracteres, NR (H2=
0,82), AP (H2= 0,78), mientras que valores intermedios solo se encontraron para PT (H2=
0,45) y R (H2
) = 0,40. El estudio de las diferentes variables a través de los análisis
multivariados (Análisis Componentes Principales y de Conglomerados) manifestaron
también gran variabilidad. Se establecieron cinco grupos de variedades similares.
Mediante el uso de marcadores SSR se calcularon los valores de PICs que fluctuaron entre
0,18 - 0,37 y se logró establecer la presencia de 30 fragmentos totales con un porcentaje
de bandas polimórficas del 86,67%. Las distancias genéticas demostraron que las
variedades más alejadas fueron Tuni y Ojo de Princesa, y las más cercanas Morada y
Cotagua Morada. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de coordenadas principales y
análisis de conglomerados, permitieron la conformación de cinco grupos, donde Morada
y Cotagua morada que se encuentran a menor distancia y Ojos de Princesa a mayor
distancia. Estos datos ponen en evidencia una amplia variabilidad genética entre estos
materiales. Los métodos utilizados para la evaluación de las interacciones
Genotipo*Ambiente, fueron dos, el primero, la determinación de la Estabilidad a través
del método de la varianza de Shukla, donde se observó que ninguna de las variedades es
estable para todos los caracteres; y en el segundo método, el Modelo AMMI, demostró
que algunos ambientes son discriminantes para todas las variables analizadas. Los
resultados obtenidos, permitieron la caracterización de las variedades de papa andina no
solo por su potencial de rendimiento y su estabilidad, sino también por las características
deseables en el mercado y las necesidades de la cocina gourmet. Esto permitió plantear
tres estrategias de hibridación. Se concluye que sería favorable efectuar principalmente
la hibridación entre Cotagua rosada y Bolinca redonda.
The Andean potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena Hawkes) is considered the “true Inca gold”, and has been declared “Treasure of Andean Biodiversity”, it is that germplasm, both wild and cultivated, that includes various species, mainly Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena that constitute an invaluable source of genes for desirable attributes in reproduction (Camadro, 2011). Its genetic diversity is useful for producing crop varieties with tolerance to drought, heat and cold, high nutritional quality and resistance to pests and diseases. Commercial production of Andean potatoes in Argentina is incipient, and is concentrated mainly in the provinces of Salta and Jujuy, and less in Catamarca and other provinces near the Andes mountain range (La Rioja, Mendoza, Río Negro). The genetic improvement of the Andean potato is aimed at forming cultivars with high commercial yields that meet market requirements and good stability. The genotype*environment interaction (IGA) was studied. The objective is to evaluate the genetic variability of 9 Andean potato varieties from the province of Catamarca (Collareja, Bolinca alargada, Bolinca redonda, Bolinca rosada, Morada, Tuni, Cotagua morada, Malgacha and Ojos de princesa) and to study the stability of the best genotypes in the best environments (Las Piedras Blancas, 1690 masl and La Calera, 1370 masl) during 2016, 2017 and 2018). Approximately 4,400 tubers were evaluated, in the three years and the two environments. The traits studied being: 1) Average plant height (AP, cm), evaluated 65 days after planting from the base from the main stem to the terminal bud, 2) Average tuber weight (PT, g)-3) Average tuber length (LT, mm), measured with caliber 4) Average number of branches per plant (NR), 5) Number average tubers per plant (NT), 6) Estimated yield (R, kg/plot). The CV for the different variables and varieties were high, in general they presented values equal to or greater than 20% regardless of the locality. In the study of the performance components of multivariate analysis (PCA and conglomerates) the data showed great variability. Heritability was high for NR (H2= 0.82), AP (H2= 0.78), and medium for PT (H2= 0.45) and R (H2 ) = 0.4. The study of the different variables through multivariate analysis (Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis) also showed great variability. Five groups of similar varieties were established. Through the use of SSR markers, PIC values fluctuated between 0.18 - 0.37 and the presence of 30 total fragments was established with a percentage of polymorphic bands of 86.67%, in the genetic distances the most distant varieties were Tuni and Ojo de Princesa, and the closest Morada and Cotagua Morada. Showing a wide genetic variability. In the Genotype*Environment Interactions, the Stability through Shukla, showed that none of the varieties is stable for all the characters and; the AMMI Model, that some environments are discriminant for all the variables analyzed. The characterization of the Andean potato varieties was obtained for their yield potential and stability, and also for the characteristics desirable in the market and the needs of the gourmet kitchen. This allowed us to propose three hybridization strategies. It is concluded that it would be favorable to carry out mainly the hybridization between Cotagua rosada and Bolinca redonda.
The Andean potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena Hawkes) is considered the “true Inca gold”, and has been declared “Treasure of Andean Biodiversity”, it is that germplasm, both wild and cultivated, that includes various species, mainly Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena that constitute an invaluable source of genes for desirable attributes in reproduction (Camadro, 2011). Its genetic diversity is useful for producing crop varieties with tolerance to drought, heat and cold, high nutritional quality and resistance to pests and diseases. Commercial production of Andean potatoes in Argentina is incipient, and is concentrated mainly in the provinces of Salta and Jujuy, and less in Catamarca and other provinces near the Andes mountain range (La Rioja, Mendoza, Río Negro). The genetic improvement of the Andean potato is aimed at forming cultivars with high commercial yields that meet market requirements and good stability. The genotype*environment interaction (IGA) was studied. The objective is to evaluate the genetic variability of 9 Andean potato varieties from the province of Catamarca (Collareja, Bolinca alargada, Bolinca redonda, Bolinca rosada, Morada, Tuni, Cotagua morada, Malgacha and Ojos de princesa) and to study the stability of the best genotypes in the best environments (Las Piedras Blancas, 1690 masl and La Calera, 1370 masl) during 2016, 2017 and 2018). Approximately 4,400 tubers were evaluated, in the three years and the two environments. The traits studied being: 1) Average plant height (AP, cm), evaluated 65 days after planting from the base from the main stem to the terminal bud, 2) Average tuber weight (PT, g)-3) Average tuber length (LT, mm), measured with caliber 4) Average number of branches per plant (NR), 5) Number average tubers per plant (NT), 6) Estimated yield (R, kg/plot). The CV for the different variables and varieties were high, in general they presented values equal to or greater than 20% regardless of the locality. In the study of the performance components of multivariate analysis (PCA and conglomerates) the data showed great variability. Heritability was high for NR (H2= 0.82), AP (H2= 0.78), and medium for PT (H2= 0.45) and R (H2 ) = 0.4. The study of the different variables through multivariate analysis (Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis) also showed great variability. Five groups of similar varieties were established. Through the use of SSR markers, PIC values fluctuated between 0.18 - 0.37 and the presence of 30 total fragments was established with a percentage of polymorphic bands of 86.67%, in the genetic distances the most distant varieties were Tuni and Ojo de Princesa, and the closest Morada and Cotagua Morada. Showing a wide genetic variability. In the Genotype*Environment Interactions, the Stability through Shukla, showed that none of the varieties is stable for all the characters and; the AMMI Model, that some environments are discriminant for all the variables analyzed. The characterization of the Andean potato varieties was obtained for their yield potential and stability, and also for the characteristics desirable in the market and the needs of the gourmet kitchen. This allowed us to propose three hybridization strategies. It is concluded that it would be favorable to carry out mainly the hybridization between Cotagua rosada and Bolinca redonda.
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