Parámetros edáficos, crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de trigo bajo diferentes manejos
Fecha
2002
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UNR Editora
Resumen
Las prácticas de manejo pueden afectar la producción de los cultivos a través de su influencia en la distribución de la materia orgánica, la capacidad de almacenaje de agua del suelo y la dinámica de nutrientes. La experiencia se realizó en la EEA INTA Oliveros durante el ciclo 92/93, sobre un Argiudol ácuico. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el efecto del manejo sobre parámetros del suelo y el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) en una rotación trigo/soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr) realizada en forma continua durante 11 años y en una situación proveniente de una pastura antigua. Los tratamientos de labranza fueron: labranza convencional con arado de rejas (LC) y labranza vertical con cincel (LV) en la rotación trigo/soja y labranza convencional con arado de rejas en la situación proveniente de pastura (PC). En los tres tratamientos se aplicó nitrógeno en dosis de 100kg N ha-¹, dejando testigo sin fertilizar (100N y 0N, respectivamente). Se evaluaron propiedades del suelo en superficie (0-21cm), en distintas etapas del cultivo: densidad aparente (DA); porcentaje de agregados estables al benceno, alcohol y agua; porosidad estructural (PE); carbono orgánico total (COT) y humedad volumétrica (HV). Además, se determinó DA y HV a los 21-36cm y 36-70cm de profundidad. La densidad aparente del suelo a los 0-21cm y 21-36 cm de profundidad, fue significativamente mayor en LC (P?0,05) con respecto a LV y PC, en todas las fechas de muestreo. El tratamiento PC presentó en las tres fechas de muestreo un mayor porcentaje de agregados estables al benceno, alcohol, y agua; mayor PE y mayor contenido de COT (P?0,05), con respecto a los tratamientos LC y LV. Se halló una relación inversa entre DA y PE (r²= 0,70). El porcentaje de agregados estables al alcohol se correlacionó positivamente con el COT (r²=0,86). El contenido de humedad en superficie fue significativamente menor (P<0,05) en LC con respecto a LV y PC, en la mayor parte del ciclo del cultivo. A partir de los 21cm de profundidad, PC presentó los valores más elevados de HV. La acumulación de materia seca en LC fue el 45,8%, 64%, 73% y 73% de lo acumulado en PC en las etapas de macollaje, encañazón, antesis y madurez fisiológica, respectivamente; mientras que LV acumuló un 76,7%, 83,4%, 85% y 95% con respecto a PC, en las mismas etapas de crecimiento. El rendimiento del cultivo en LC fue el 73% de lo obtenido en PC (para 100N y 0N); mientras que para LV fue el 85,5% (parcelas 100N) y 93,1% (0N) de lo hallado en PC. La mayor compactación, la inestabilidad de la estructura, la menor acumulación de COT y humedad del suelo que presentó LC, pudieron incidir negativamente en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo.
The tillage practices can affect crop production through their influence on distribution of soil organic matter, available water-holding capacity and nutrient dynamics. The experiment was conducted at the EEA INTA Oliveros, during 1992/93 in an Aquic Argiudoll. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of management practices on soil properties and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and grain yield in a continuous wheat-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) rotation (11 yr.) and a plot coming from a long-term pasture. Tillage treatments were: moldboard plowing (LC) and chisel plowing (LV) in wheat-soybean rotation, and moldboard plowing in the plot coming from pasture (PC), with two levels of nitrogen (0 and 100 kg N ha–1). Soil bulk density (DA); the percentage of stable aggregates to benzene, ethanol and water; structural porosity (PE), total organic carbon (COT), and volumetric water content (HV) in the 0-21cm layer were evaluated during the growing season. Soil bulk density and HV in the 21-36cm and 36-70cm layers were measured. Soil bulk density at 0-21 cm and 21-36 cm depth was significantly higher in LC with respect to LV and PC (P?0.05). The percentage of stable aggregates to pre-treatments with benzene, ethanol and water, PE and COT were significantly higher in PC with respect to LC and LV (P?0.05). Soil bulk density was inversely related to the PE (r2=0.70). The percentage of stable aggregates to ethanol was directly correlated to COT (r2=0.86). Volumetric water content in the top layer was lower in LC than in PC and LV. While PC showed the highest values in the depths of 21-36cm and 36-70cm. Dry matter under LC was 45.8%, 64%, 73% y 73% of that obtained in PC at tillering, stem elongation, anthesis and physiological maturity, respectively. Dry matter under LV was 76.7%, 83.4%, 85% y 95% with respect to PC, in the same growth stages. Grain yield in LC was 73% of that obtained in PC for both levels of N, while grain yield in LV was 85.5% and 93.1% of that obtained in PC for 0 and 100 kg N ha-1; respectively. A negative impact on wheat growth and grain yield could have been due to a greater soil compaction, soil structure instability, lower soil organic carbon and lower soil water content under LC.
The tillage practices can affect crop production through their influence on distribution of soil organic matter, available water-holding capacity and nutrient dynamics. The experiment was conducted at the EEA INTA Oliveros, during 1992/93 in an Aquic Argiudoll. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of management practices on soil properties and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and grain yield in a continuous wheat-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) rotation (11 yr.) and a plot coming from a long-term pasture. Tillage treatments were: moldboard plowing (LC) and chisel plowing (LV) in wheat-soybean rotation, and moldboard plowing in the plot coming from pasture (PC), with two levels of nitrogen (0 and 100 kg N ha–1). Soil bulk density (DA); the percentage of stable aggregates to benzene, ethanol and water; structural porosity (PE), total organic carbon (COT), and volumetric water content (HV) in the 0-21cm layer were evaluated during the growing season. Soil bulk density and HV in the 21-36cm and 36-70cm layers were measured. Soil bulk density at 0-21 cm and 21-36 cm depth was significantly higher in LC with respect to LV and PC (P?0.05). The percentage of stable aggregates to pre-treatments with benzene, ethanol and water, PE and COT were significantly higher in PC with respect to LC and LV (P?0.05). Soil bulk density was inversely related to the PE (r2=0.70). The percentage of stable aggregates to ethanol was directly correlated to COT (r2=0.86). Volumetric water content in the top layer was lower in LC than in PC and LV. While PC showed the highest values in the depths of 21-36cm and 36-70cm. Dry matter under LC was 45.8%, 64%, 73% y 73% of that obtained in PC at tillering, stem elongation, anthesis and physiological maturity, respectively. Dry matter under LV was 76.7%, 83.4%, 85% y 95% with respect to PC, in the same growth stages. Grain yield in LC was 73% of that obtained in PC for both levels of N, while grain yield in LV was 85.5% and 93.1% of that obtained in PC for 0 and 100 kg N ha-1; respectively. A negative impact on wheat growth and grain yield could have been due to a greater soil compaction, soil structure instability, lower soil organic carbon and lower soil water content under LC.
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arado de rejas, arado de cincel, compactación, trigo, estructura del suelo, carbono orgánico, estabilidad estructural, moldboard plow, chisel plow, soil compaction, wheat, soil structure, soil organic carbon, aggregate stability