Transformación de las lógicas de intervención del Trabajo Social en el campo de la infancia : la redefinición del estatuto de la niñez y sus implicancias en el ejercicio de la profesión
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2018-05-18
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
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Esta tesis se centra en el accionar de los trabajadores sociales que se encuentran
comprendidos dentro del Sistema de Protección Integral de Niñas, Niños y
Adolescentes de la Ciudad de Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina), con el objetivo de
analizar los cambios ocurridos en la intervención profesional a partir del proceso
que genera la consideración de los niños como Sujetos de Derecho. Para ello se
examinaron las transformaciones que suceden en este campo, distinguiendo
reformas legislativas, procedimentales e institucionales del mismo, desde las
perspectivas teóricas que analizan la intervención del Trabajo Social inserto en
procesos de trabajo (Iamamoto, Karz) y los aportes de la sociología de las
profesiones y del trabajo (Sennett, Dejours, Dubet).
Dos procesos convergentes configuran el escenario actual. El de las
transformaciones en la intervención social por un lado, caracterizada
principalmente en esta coyuntura por administrar las intervenciones sobre los
otros a través de políticas que apuntan, a fortalecer y acompañar a los individuos
en la administración de sus problemas. Por otro lado, se registran cambios en la
relación adulto – niño que ponen en crisis los dispositivos construidos por la
modernidad para intervenir sobre esta franja etaria, expresados en la
consideración del menor como incapaz, en el tratamiento diferenciado hacia las
infancias pobres y en los dispositivos de tutela y encierro. A través de la
observación de fuentes bibliográficas documentales pudimos examinar los
cambios ocurridos en la intervención social en este campo, mientras que las
implicancias para la intervención de los trabajadores sociales se registraron a
través de un dispositivo que combinó entrevistas escritas y el trabajo con 20
grupos focales de los que participaron 52 trabajadores sociales, cuyos puestos de
trabajo eran representativos de cada uno de los niveles de intervención del
Sistema de Protección de Derechos de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes de la ciudad
de Rosario. De este modo, se trató de un estudio exploratorio que combinó
diversas técnicas de indagación.
En función del enfoque teórico y las técnicas metodológicas puestas en juego
durante el trabajo de campo, la tesis presenta las reflexiones de las colegas respecto de las características que asume el trabajo en relación con los medios
que utiliza y con lo que el mismo produce, reconociendo las novedades que se
produjeron en los puestos de trabajo, las actividades, los procedimientos, los
discursos utilizados y las responsabilidades asumidas. Del mismo modo, también
se analizaron las permanencias existentes en estos aspectos.
En estas novedades quedan expresados los procesos de desinstitucionalización
del presente y los mecanismos de individuación, como así también la
conformación de una burocracia flexible que se evidencia no sólo en las
condiciones de trabajo, sino en la organización del mismo.
This thesis focuses on the action of social workers who take part in the “Comprehensive Protection of Children and Adolescents System” of the city of Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina), with the objective of analysing the changes that have taken place in the professional intervention, taking into account the process that generates the consideration of children as legal subjects. For that purpose, the changes that occur in this field were examined, distinguishing legislative, procedural and institutional reforms, from theoretical perspectives that analyze the intervention of Social Work inserted in work processes (Iamamoto, Karz) and the contributions of the sociology of professions and labor (Sennett, Dejours, Dubet). Two converging processes make up the current scenario. On the one hand, there are changes in the social intervention, which is characterized mainly by managing interventions in the others through policies that aim to strengthen and accompany the individuals in the approach to their problems. On the other hand, there are changes in the relationship adult-child that call into question the devices constructed by modernity to intervene on this age group. This could be seen in the child regarded as incapable, in the differentiated treatment to the poor childhoods and in the devices of guardianship and confinement. Through the observation of bibliographic documentary sources we were able to examine the changes in the social intervention in this field, while the implications for the intervention of social workers were obtained through a device that combined written interviews and work with 20 focus groups with the participation of 52 social workers, whose jobs were representative of each of the levels of intervention of the “Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents System” of the city of Rosario. In this way, it was an exploratory study that combined various techniques of inquiry. According to the theoretical and methodological techniques put into practice during the fieldwork, the thesis presents the colleagues’ reflections on the characteristics of the work as regards the means it uses and produces, taking into account the developments that occurred in the workplace, the activities, the procedures, the speeches given and the responsibilities assumed. Likewise, the continuity of this situation was also analyzed. These developments show the current processes of de-institutionalization and the mechanisms of individuation, as well as the establishment of a flexible bureaucracy that is evident not only in the work conditions, but also in its organization.
This thesis focuses on the action of social workers who take part in the “Comprehensive Protection of Children and Adolescents System” of the city of Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina), with the objective of analysing the changes that have taken place in the professional intervention, taking into account the process that generates the consideration of children as legal subjects. For that purpose, the changes that occur in this field were examined, distinguishing legislative, procedural and institutional reforms, from theoretical perspectives that analyze the intervention of Social Work inserted in work processes (Iamamoto, Karz) and the contributions of the sociology of professions and labor (Sennett, Dejours, Dubet). Two converging processes make up the current scenario. On the one hand, there are changes in the social intervention, which is characterized mainly by managing interventions in the others through policies that aim to strengthen and accompany the individuals in the approach to their problems. On the other hand, there are changes in the relationship adult-child that call into question the devices constructed by modernity to intervene on this age group. This could be seen in the child regarded as incapable, in the differentiated treatment to the poor childhoods and in the devices of guardianship and confinement. Through the observation of bibliographic documentary sources we were able to examine the changes in the social intervention in this field, while the implications for the intervention of social workers were obtained through a device that combined written interviews and work with 20 focus groups with the participation of 52 social workers, whose jobs were representative of each of the levels of intervention of the “Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents System” of the city of Rosario. In this way, it was an exploratory study that combined various techniques of inquiry. According to the theoretical and methodological techniques put into practice during the fieldwork, the thesis presents the colleagues’ reflections on the characteristics of the work as regards the means it uses and produces, taking into account the developments that occurred in the workplace, the activities, the procedures, the speeches given and the responsibilities assumed. Likewise, the continuity of this situation was also analyzed. These developments show the current processes of de-institutionalization and the mechanisms of individuation, as well as the establishment of a flexible bureaucracy that is evident not only in the work conditions, but also in its organization.
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Palabras clave
Trabajo social, Sistema de Protección Integral de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes, Infancia, Rosario, Derechos