Las relaciones de Venezuela con Ecuador y Bolivia en el ámbito de la cooperación internacional durante y después del gobierno de Hugo Chávez
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2020-06
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Centro de Estudios en Relaciones Internacionales de Rosario
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La crisis en Venezuela ha dejado de lado el debate sobre su rol en la cooperación internacional. Sin embargo, resulta pertinente revisitar las relaciones del país caribeño con dos de los países andinos que durante y después del gobierno de Hugo Chávez jugaron el rol de aliados políticos. Este documento tiene como propósito describir el alcance de la cooperación de Venezuela con Bolivia y Ecuador, el contexto político y económico en el que se erige la cooperación y el posterior declive de los proyectos y acuerdos. Se destaca en este análisis el uso de petrodólares, el hiperpresidencialismo y una estrategia de soft balancing del presidente Hugo Chávez como sustento esencial para la cooperación, siendo estos mismos elementos los que marcaron su poca sostenibilidad. Los datos para la investigación se obtienen a través de una revisión y análisis crítico de documentos y declaraciones oficiales en torno a las relaciones de los tres países entre 2006 y 2018, así como de la literatura académica. Los resultados de esta investigación dejan ver el poco avance que tuvieron los proyectos (tanto bilaterales como en el marco de la Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos) incluso antes del recrudecimiento de la crisis económica de Venezuela.
The crisis in Venezuela has left aside the debate about the role of this country in international cooperation field. However, there are still aspects to analyze, especially the relations with its Andean political allies during and after the government of Hugo Chávez. This paper aims to highlight important elements of cooperation between Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador, the political and economic context for cooperation and the subsequent decline of projects and agreements. It highlights how Venezuela used petrodollars, hyper-presidentialism and a soft balancing strategy as the main tools for foreign policy, which were elements get cooperation weaker. The data for the investigation were obtained through a critical review and analysis of documents and official declarations regarding the relations of three countries between 2006 and 2018, as well as the academic literature. The results of this research show the little progress the projects had (both bilateral and within the framework of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty) even before the resurgence of the economic crisis in Venezuela.
The crisis in Venezuela has left aside the debate about the role of this country in international cooperation field. However, there are still aspects to analyze, especially the relations with its Andean political allies during and after the government of Hugo Chávez. This paper aims to highlight important elements of cooperation between Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador, the political and economic context for cooperation and the subsequent decline of projects and agreements. It highlights how Venezuela used petrodollars, hyper-presidentialism and a soft balancing strategy as the main tools for foreign policy, which were elements get cooperation weaker. The data for the investigation were obtained through a critical review and analysis of documents and official declarations regarding the relations of three countries between 2006 and 2018, as well as the academic literature. The results of this research show the little progress the projects had (both bilateral and within the framework of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty) even before the resurgence of the economic crisis in Venezuela.
Palabras clave
Venezuela, ALBA-TCP, Cooperación Sur-Sur, Ecuador, Bolivia