Estudio de una técnica de conservación de cadáveres sin el uso de formaldehido: evaluación en el miembro pelviano del conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
Fecha
2019
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Universidad Nacional de Rosario
Resumen
La Anatomía es considerada la más antigua y la base de todas las ciencias médicas constituyendo uno de los pilares fundamentales en la formación del futuro Médico Veterinario.
Esta ciencia requiere que la conservación de los especímenes de estudio mantenga las características originales lo más fidedignamente posible a los efectos de admitir comparaciones con nuevas observaciones que permitan el avance del conocimiento. Los métodos de conservación se han transformado entonces en una técnica indispensable en el estudio de esta ciencia.
Desde su descubrimiento, el formaldehido ha sido utilizado para la preservación de materiales dado que pueden almacenarse por mucho tiempo, no genera dificultades en el mantenimiento y es de un costo bajo. Sin embargo, la toxicidad y el efecto cancerígeno del formaldehido han generado la necesidad de investigar combinaciones de sustancias para reemplazarlo.
Otros métodos, como la plastinación, requieren de una infraestructura e insumos que tienen un costo elevado constituyendo ésta una limitante para su uso frecuente.
El Dr. W. Thiel desarrolló una técnica para conservar cadáveres humanos que conserva importantes características en los preparados, tales como la flexibilidad, la elasticidad, el volumen y el color de los tejidos y órganos, permitiendo que en el material conservado se puedan reconocer las estructuras sin alteraciones. Su fórmula contiene, si bien en bajas concentraciones, formaldehído, reduciendo riesgos para el operador pero no eliminándolos completamente.
En este estudio se analizó la aplicación y adaptación de la técnica de Thiel para su utilización en animales domésticos.
El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue evaluar la aplicación de la técnica de conservación de especímenes CFP-Soft Fix a conejos de raza Neozelandés, buscando una alternativa para la conservación de piezas anatómicas para el abordaje del estudio de la morfología y de la anatomía animal, que respete las normas de bioseguridad, sea de simple aplicación, sin necesidad infraestructura sofisticada y mantenga aceptablemente las características naturales del espécimen conservado.
Se utilizaron 20 conejos de la raza Neozelandés, que fueron procesados mediante esta nueva técnica denominada CFP-Soft Fix, para luego extraerles los miembros pelvianos, los que se conservaron de dos maneras diferentes. Se evaluó la eficacia de la técnica modificada mediante la determinación de parámetros tales como flexibilidad de
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las articulaciones, elasticidad de los músculos, volumen muscular, color de los tejidos y presencia de contaminación fúngica y/o bacteriana. Además, se realizó un estudio histológico del tejido muscular y de los tendones.
Con el método CFP–Soft Fix se logró tanto la eliminación total del formaldehido de la fórmula, como la adaptación a animales domésticos.
La fórmula diseñada para el método CFP–Soft Fix resulta un producto no irritante y casi inodoro, que conserva el color, la flexibilidad y la plasticidad de los preparados muy similares a los del animal vivo, sin los efectos tóxicos del formaldehido.
El almacenamiento post-fijación más eficiente resultó ser el de bolsa de cierre hermético, a temperatura ambiente y sin líquido de conservación. Esta forma de conservación evita el uso de cantidades considerables de la solución de inmersión, facilitando el manejo del espécimen y reduciendo el costo sin modificar la flexibilidad de las articulaciones durante el tiempo de almacenamiento.
A través de la aplicación del método CFP–Soft Fix se obtienen piezas con una gran flexibilidad articular, buena elasticidad tisular y con un volumen muscular casi normal, a pesar de que la estructura histológica muscular parece haberse conservado. Las modificaciones microscópicas observadas en las muestras de músculo y de tendones, posiblemente podrían explicar su excepcional flexibilidad.
La verdadera proyección del método radica en el uso de estos especímenes conservados en aplicaciones en las que se requieren flexibilidad y durabilidad, extendiendo su utilización a grupos que no sean estudiantes de anatomía y/o cirugía. Algunas aplicaciones serían el entrenamiento en cirugía laparoscópica, la intubación traqueal, anestesia regional guiada con ecografía y punciones diagnosticas guiadas con ecografía.
Mediante la aplicación del método CFP–Soft Fix, el estudio de la anatomía podrá desarrollarse de forma segura y no solo basado en imágenes, permitiendo el abordaje de conocimientos y pudiendo utilizar métodos complementarios como la artroscopía, laparoscopía, endoscopía y el diagnóstico por imágenes, recalcando en los estudiantes la necesidad de un conocimiento detallado de la anatomía en un entorno clínico y facilitando el reconocimiento de estructuras y relaciones topográficas.
Anatomy is considered the oldest and the basis of all medical sciences. It constitutes one of the fundamental pillars in the professional training of the future Veterinary Doctor. This science requires that the conservation of the studied specimens maintains the original characteristics as reliably as possible in order to admit comparisons with new observations that allow the advancement of knowledge. Conservation methods have thus become an indispensable technique in the study of this science. Since its discovery, formaldehyde has been used for the preservation of materials as they can be stored for a long time, it does not generate maintenance difficulties and it is low cost. However, the toxicity and carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde have generated the need to investigate combinations of substances to replace it. Other methods, such as plastination, require an infrastructure and supplies that are a high cost, and hence they are a limitation on frequent use. Dr. W. Thiel developed a technique to preserve human corpses that retains important characteristics in the preparations, such as flexibility, elasticity, volume and color of tissues and organs, allowing that in the preserved material the structures can be recognized without alterations. Its formula contains, but in low concentrations, formaldehyde, reducing risks for the operator without eliminating them completely. In this study, the application and adaptation of the Thiel technique used in domestic animals was analyzed. The objective of this thesis work was to evaluate the application of the CFP-Soft Fix specimen conservation technique to New Zealand breed rabbits, looking for an alternative for the conservation of anatomical pieces to the approach of morphology and animal anatomy study, which respects biosafety standards, would be simple to apply, without the need of sophisticated infrastructure and maintains acceptably the natural characteristics of the conserved specimen. Twenty rabbits of the New Zealander breed were used. They were processed using this new technique called CFP-Soft Fix, so that their pelvic members were extracted and preserved in two different ways. The effectiveness of the modified technique was evaluated by determining parameters such as joint flexibility, muscle elasticity, muscle volume, tissue color and presence of fungal and / or bacterial contamination. In addition, a histological study of muscle tissue and tendons was performed. 4 With the CFP–Soft Fix method, the total elimination of formaldehyde from the formula was achieved, as well as the adaptation to domestic animals. The formula designed for the CFP–Soft Fix method is a non-irritating and almost odorless product, which preserves the color, flexibility and plasticity of the preparations very similar to those of the live animal, without the toxic effects of formaldehyde. The most efficient post-fixation storage proved to be that of an airtight closure bag, at room temperature and without conservation liquid. This form of preservation avoids the use of considerable amounts of the immersion solution, facilitating the handling of the specimen and reducing the cost without modifying the flexibility of the joints during the storage time. Through the application of the CFP–Soft Fix method, pieces with great joint flexibility, good tissue elasticity and almost normal muscle volume are obtained, despite the fact that the muscular histological structure seems to have been preserved. The microscopic modifications observed in muscle and tendon samples could possibly explain its exceptional flexibility. The true projection of the method lies in the use of these specimens preserved in applications where flexibility and durability are required, extending their use to groups that are not anatomy and / or surgery students. Some applications would be training in laparoscopic surgery, tracheal intubation, regional anesthesia guided by ultrasound and diagnostic punctures guided by ultrasound. By applying the CFP–Soft Fix method, the study of anatomy can be carried out safely and not only based on images, allowing the approach of knowledge and being able to use complementary methods such as arthroscopy, laparoscopy, endoscopy and imaging diagnosis, emphasizing in students the need of detailed knowledge of anatomy in a clinical setting and facilitating the recognition of topographic structures and relationships.
Anatomy is considered the oldest and the basis of all medical sciences. It constitutes one of the fundamental pillars in the professional training of the future Veterinary Doctor. This science requires that the conservation of the studied specimens maintains the original characteristics as reliably as possible in order to admit comparisons with new observations that allow the advancement of knowledge. Conservation methods have thus become an indispensable technique in the study of this science. Since its discovery, formaldehyde has been used for the preservation of materials as they can be stored for a long time, it does not generate maintenance difficulties and it is low cost. However, the toxicity and carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde have generated the need to investigate combinations of substances to replace it. Other methods, such as plastination, require an infrastructure and supplies that are a high cost, and hence they are a limitation on frequent use. Dr. W. Thiel developed a technique to preserve human corpses that retains important characteristics in the preparations, such as flexibility, elasticity, volume and color of tissues and organs, allowing that in the preserved material the structures can be recognized without alterations. Its formula contains, but in low concentrations, formaldehyde, reducing risks for the operator without eliminating them completely. In this study, the application and adaptation of the Thiel technique used in domestic animals was analyzed. The objective of this thesis work was to evaluate the application of the CFP-Soft Fix specimen conservation technique to New Zealand breed rabbits, looking for an alternative for the conservation of anatomical pieces to the approach of morphology and animal anatomy study, which respects biosafety standards, would be simple to apply, without the need of sophisticated infrastructure and maintains acceptably the natural characteristics of the conserved specimen. Twenty rabbits of the New Zealander breed were used. They were processed using this new technique called CFP-Soft Fix, so that their pelvic members were extracted and preserved in two different ways. The effectiveness of the modified technique was evaluated by determining parameters such as joint flexibility, muscle elasticity, muscle volume, tissue color and presence of fungal and / or bacterial contamination. In addition, a histological study of muscle tissue and tendons was performed. 4 With the CFP–Soft Fix method, the total elimination of formaldehyde from the formula was achieved, as well as the adaptation to domestic animals. The formula designed for the CFP–Soft Fix method is a non-irritating and almost odorless product, which preserves the color, flexibility and plasticity of the preparations very similar to those of the live animal, without the toxic effects of formaldehyde. The most efficient post-fixation storage proved to be that of an airtight closure bag, at room temperature and without conservation liquid. This form of preservation avoids the use of considerable amounts of the immersion solution, facilitating the handling of the specimen and reducing the cost without modifying the flexibility of the joints during the storage time. Through the application of the CFP–Soft Fix method, pieces with great joint flexibility, good tissue elasticity and almost normal muscle volume are obtained, despite the fact that the muscular histological structure seems to have been preserved. The microscopic modifications observed in muscle and tendon samples could possibly explain its exceptional flexibility. The true projection of the method lies in the use of these specimens preserved in applications where flexibility and durability are required, extending their use to groups that are not anatomy and / or surgery students. Some applications would be training in laparoscopic surgery, tracheal intubation, regional anesthesia guided by ultrasound and diagnostic punctures guided by ultrasound. By applying the CFP–Soft Fix method, the study of anatomy can be carried out safely and not only based on images, allowing the approach of knowledge and being able to use complementary methods such as arthroscopy, laparoscopy, endoscopy and imaging diagnosis, emphasizing in students the need of detailed knowledge of anatomy in a clinical setting and facilitating the recognition of topographic structures and relationships.
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Palabras clave
Técnicas Anatómicas, Anatomía Veterinaria, Conservación de Cadáveres