La gestión transnacional en unidades subestatales de doble periferia de Argentina, Bolivia y Chile a partir de su reconocimiento constitucional : los casos de Jujuy, Tarija y Tarapacá
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2018-12-10
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
Resumen
La presente tesis doctoral estudia la gestión transnacional de unidades
subestatales de doble periferia (USDPs). Es decir, unidades subestatales insertas en la
periferia de un Estado, el cual se encuentra, a su vez, en la periferia del sistema
internacional.
El objetivo de la investigación es analizar cómo, a partir del reconocimiento
constitucional de ciertas facultades para accionar en la esfera internacional, las USDPs
emplearon la gestión transnacional como mecanismo tendiente a contrarrestar la doble
dependencia y alcanzar sus objetivos de desarrollo. En este sentido, la gestión
transnacional es abordada como la acción política subestatal en dos planos o dos
subsistemas, estatal e internacional.
El reconocimiento constitucional de estas facultades favorecieron el vínculo de
las USDPs con sus pares en otros países, encontrando similares necesidades y
motivaciones para generar un espacio regional transfronterizo con intereses comunes. En
consecuencia, la hipótesis del trabajo afirma que, a través de la gestión transnacional, las
USDPs se vinculan con otras unidades de similares características, creando intereses
supranacionales que emplean en la relación con su propio Estado para reposicionar sus
objetivos de desarrollo en la agenda estatal.
Dentro del mencionado universo de relaciones, este estudio se inserta en el
espacio temporal comprendido entre las reformas constitucionales que reconocen las
capacidades de actuación internacional de las unidades subestatales en Argentina, Bolivia
y Chile, hasta la finalización de las segundas presidencias de Cristina Fernández (1994-
2015) y Evo Morales (2009-2014), y la primera de Sebastián Piñera (1991-2014)
respectivamente.
Para comprobar el supuesto básico de partida, la investigación se organizó en
una introducción, cinco capítulos y una conclusión. El primero analiza la condición de
doble periferia para contextualizar la situación de dependencia desde la cual las USDPs
despliegan la gestión transnacional. El segundo capítulo aborda el marco jurídico estatal
y subestatal (según el caso) que reconoce y faculta a las USDPs para su accionar en el
escenario internacional. El tercer capítulo presta atención a la especialización
institucional de las USDPs para la gestión en el plano estatal y en el plano internacional.
El cuarto capítulo indaga acerca del rol del sector económico-productivo en la gestión
transnacional de Jujuy, Tarija y Tarapacá, mientras que el último capítulo estudia las
estrategias, temáticas y modalidades de gestión transnacional de los casos de estudio. Y,
por último, las conclusiones detallan los resultados obtenidos.
El abordaje teórico del objeto de estudio se realizó principalmente desde la
visión de la interdependencia compleja, la cual presenta al sistema internacional como un
entramado de actores de diversa tipología y naturaleza que interactúan proyectando
intereses y demandas. Asimismo, plantean la complejización del sistema mediante la
implicación de los gobiernos no-centrales en el contexto internacional, y cómo estos
despliegan su accionar al exterior, promoviendo sus intereses a través de canales formales
e informales, paralelos a la diplomacia tradicional de los Estados. También se emplearon
los aportes de la teoría cepalina para explicar la distinción entre centros y periferias y
llegar a una conceptualización de la doble periferia. Es decir, la aplicación del análisis
teórico integral a los casos bajo estudio.
Precisamente la estrategia metodológica empleada fue cualitativa, permitiendo
el abordaje contextualizado a los casos y la exploración en profundidad de cada uno de
ellos a través de entrevistas, análisis de fuentes bibliográficas y documentales con el
objetivo de generar una interpretación explicativa de la realidad política enunciada. La
muestra es de extrema diferencia, habiendo seleccionado la provincia de Jujuy
(Argentina), el departamento de Tarija (Bolivia) y la región de Tarapacá (Chile). Los tres
casos representan distintas adaptaciones de una misma condición de doble periferia en un
contexto federal, híbrido y unitario, respectivamente. De esta forma, se estudia cómo el
mismo condicionamiento reviste características diferentes en cada unidad subestatal,
pero, al mismo tiempo, concita la integración de las unidades a través de intereses
supranacionales.
This doctoral thesis proposes to study the transnational management of double periphery sub-state units (DPSUs). This means, the international insertion of units that stand themselves in double peripheral situations with respect to the States and the international system. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the way double periphery substates units employ transnational management to overcome this dual dependence and pursue their development goals, from the constitutional recognition of the capacity to act in the international scene. In this way, the transnational management is studied as the substate government management in two subsystems, state system and international system. The constitutional recognition of the international sub-state faculty helps to link DPSUs with others ones from different countries, finding similar needs and motivations to create a regional cross-border space with common interests. Consequently, the hypothesis of this research affirms that, through transnational management, DPSUs are related with other similar units, creating supranational interests that they use in their relationships with the State to reposition their development interests in the State agenda. To this end, time period under study begins from the constitutional reforms that recognized the sub-state units capacities for international action through the end of second presidential terms of Cristina Fernández (1994-2015) and Evo Morales (2009-2014), and the first of Sebastián Piñera (1991-2014), respectively. In order to demonstrate the hypothesis, the investigation has been organized in an introduction, five chapters and conclusion. The first chapter analyses the double periphery condition to contextualize the dependency situation where DPSUs deploy transnational management from. Second chapter studies the state and sub-state legal framework (depending on the case) which recognize and empowers DPSUs to act in the international scene. The third chapter focus on analyze the institutional specialization of DPSUs to act in the state and international levels. The fourth chapter explores the role of the productive-economic sector in the transnational management of Jujuy, Tarija and Tarapacá. The fifth chapter studies the official strategies and modalities of transnational management in the cases under investigation. Finally, the conclusions recapitulate the results obtained. This research approach was based on theories of complex interdependence that considers the international system as a network of actors of diverse type and nature who interact by projecting interests and demands. This theory likewise propounds the increasing complexity of the system through the implication of non-central governments in an international context, and how these deploy their operations abroad, promoting their interests through formal and informal channels parallels to traditional state diplomacy. Also, the contributions of the cepalina theory were used to explain the distinction between centers and peripheries and to arrive at a conceptualization of the double periphery. That is, the application of the integral theoretical analysis to the cases under study. Precisely, the methodology is qualitative, allowing a contextualized approach and profound exploration of each case through interviews and analysis of bibliographic and documentary sources, with the goal of creating an explicatory interpretation of the articulated political reality. The samples have extreme difference, having chosen the cases of the Jujuy Province in Argentina, the Tarija Department in Bolivia, and the Tarapacá Region in Chile. These represent different adaptations of the same situation of double periphery, in a federal, unitary and hybrid political contexts. In this way the investigation studies how the same conditioning has different characteristics in each DPSUs but, at the same time, it brings them together through supranational interests.
This doctoral thesis proposes to study the transnational management of double periphery sub-state units (DPSUs). This means, the international insertion of units that stand themselves in double peripheral situations with respect to the States and the international system. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the way double periphery substates units employ transnational management to overcome this dual dependence and pursue their development goals, from the constitutional recognition of the capacity to act in the international scene. In this way, the transnational management is studied as the substate government management in two subsystems, state system and international system. The constitutional recognition of the international sub-state faculty helps to link DPSUs with others ones from different countries, finding similar needs and motivations to create a regional cross-border space with common interests. Consequently, the hypothesis of this research affirms that, through transnational management, DPSUs are related with other similar units, creating supranational interests that they use in their relationships with the State to reposition their development interests in the State agenda. To this end, time period under study begins from the constitutional reforms that recognized the sub-state units capacities for international action through the end of second presidential terms of Cristina Fernández (1994-2015) and Evo Morales (2009-2014), and the first of Sebastián Piñera (1991-2014), respectively. In order to demonstrate the hypothesis, the investigation has been organized in an introduction, five chapters and conclusion. The first chapter analyses the double periphery condition to contextualize the dependency situation where DPSUs deploy transnational management from. Second chapter studies the state and sub-state legal framework (depending on the case) which recognize and empowers DPSUs to act in the international scene. The third chapter focus on analyze the institutional specialization of DPSUs to act in the state and international levels. The fourth chapter explores the role of the productive-economic sector in the transnational management of Jujuy, Tarija and Tarapacá. The fifth chapter studies the official strategies and modalities of transnational management in the cases under investigation. Finally, the conclusions recapitulate the results obtained. This research approach was based on theories of complex interdependence that considers the international system as a network of actors of diverse type and nature who interact by projecting interests and demands. This theory likewise propounds the increasing complexity of the system through the implication of non-central governments in an international context, and how these deploy their operations abroad, promoting their interests through formal and informal channels parallels to traditional state diplomacy. Also, the contributions of the cepalina theory were used to explain the distinction between centers and peripheries and to arrive at a conceptualization of the double periphery. That is, the application of the integral theoretical analysis to the cases under study. Precisely, the methodology is qualitative, allowing a contextualized approach and profound exploration of each case through interviews and analysis of bibliographic and documentary sources, with the goal of creating an explicatory interpretation of the articulated political reality. The samples have extreme difference, having chosen the cases of the Jujuy Province in Argentina, the Tarija Department in Bolivia, and the Tarapacá Region in Chile. These represent different adaptations of the same situation of double periphery, in a federal, unitary and hybrid political contexts. In this way the investigation studies how the same conditioning has different characteristics in each DPSUs but, at the same time, it brings them together through supranational interests.
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Palabras clave
USDPs - Unidades Subestatales de Doble Perisferia, Gestión transnacional, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Desarrollo