La dinámica del dilema de seguridad étnico en el conflicto de Nagorno Karabagh desde la perspectiva armenia y sus consecuencias sobre el nacionalismo armenio (1988-2016)
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2018-11-01
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Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales
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El trabajo aborda el conflicto de Nagorno- Karabagh entre Armenia y Azerbaiyán,
utilizando como factor explicativo el concepto de dilema de seguridad étnico de Barry
Posen. El tema en cuestión se encuadra en los conflictos de origen étnico desatados en el
Cáucaso, luego del derrumbe de un orden imperial, cual fue el soviético. La tesis propone
estudiar y analizar la dinámica del conflicto en su causalidad (dimensión) histórica,
sistémica y coyuntural desde la perspectiva armenia y su influencia sobre el nacionalismo
armenio para explicar la falta de solución, luego de más de veinte años del cese de fuego.
Teniendo en cuenta que la pregunta problema es la ausencia de solución del conflicto, a
modo de hipótesis general se sostiene que el conflicto de Nagorno-Karabagh no ha podido
resolverse hasta el presente por tres causas que se retroalimentan, la consolidación de la
identidad nacional en Armenia y Azerbaiyán (históricas), el colapso del régimen soviético
(sistémicas) y la activación del dilema de seguridad (coyunturales). Se sostienen dos
hipótesis secundarias: a) La efectiva separación de Nagorno-Karabagh de Azerbaiyán y su
constitución en un estado independiente de facto mono étnico explica la ausencia de serios
enfrentamientos armados inter étnicos desde 1994 y b) La independencia de NagornoKarabagh de Azerbaiyán ha reforzado la identidad nacional armenia post-soviética.
La estrategia metodológica es cualitativa ya que permite examinar las causas del conflicto y
el contexto en el cual se desarrolló, poniendo énfasis en el rol del nacionalismo. El estudio
que se realiza en esta tesis es fundamentalmente bibliográfico aunque se recurre a la
técnica de entrevistas. Para dilema de seguridad étnico me he basado en Posen y Kaufmann
que son ontológicamente neorrealistas y epistemológicamente positivistas y para las teorías
de nacionalismo, he usado a Smith, que pertenece a la escuela etno-simbolista y es
esencialista ontológicamente.
El conflicto de Nagorno-Karabagh entendido desde el punto de vista de la seguridad étnica
marcó una nueva etapa en la movilización etnonacional armenia al unificar las demandas de
justicia del genocidio con la recuperación territorial. Nagorno-Karabagh cambió la
definición de la Causa Armenia, lo cual se manifiesta en la importancia del territorio para Armenia y la movilización de la diáspora para la reconstrucción de Nagorno-Karabagh, su
repoblación e integración con Armenia.
The dissertation discusses the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, using Barry Posen´s ethnic security dilemma concept as an explanatory factor. The subject under discussion fits within the general subject of the ethnic conflicts that appeared in the Caucasus, following the demise of an imperial order, in this case, the Soviet one. The dissertation proposes studying and analyzing the dynamics of the conflict in their historical, systemic and conjunctural dimensions from an Armenian perspective and its influence on Armenian nationalism to explain the lack of progress more than twenty years after the signing of the cease fire. Taking into account that the problem/question is the lack of solution of the conflict, the general hypothesis assumes that the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been resolved because of three causes that reinforce each other, the consolidation of the national identity in Armenia and Azerbaijan (historical), the collapse of the Soviet regime (systemic) and the activation of the security dilemma (conjunctural). Two secondary hypotheses are maintained: a) the effective separation of Nagorno-Karabakh from Azerbaijan and its constitution into a mono-ethnic de facto independent state explains the absence of serious military inter-ethnic confrontations since 1994 and b) the independence of NagornoKarabakh from Azerbaijan has reinforced the post Soviet Armenian national identity. The methodological strategy is qualitative allowing for the examination of the causes of the conflict and the context of its development placing an emphasis on the role of nationalism. The study done for this dissertation is fundamentally bibliographic even though interviews were conducted. For the ethnic security dilemma, I have based myself on Posen and Kaufmann who are neorealists from an ontological point of view and positivists from an epistemological point of view. For the theories of nationalism, I have used Smith who belongs to the ethno-symbolist school and is an essentialist form an ontological point of view. The conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh understood from the point of view of ethnic security marked a new step in the Armenian ethnonational movilization by unifying the demands of justice for the genocide with the issue of territorial recovery. Nagorno-Karabakh changed the definition of the Armenian Cause, and this change has manifested itself in the importance of the territory for Armenia and the movilization of the diaspora in the reconstruction and repopulation of Nagorno-Karabagh and its integration with Armenia.
The dissertation discusses the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, using Barry Posen´s ethnic security dilemma concept as an explanatory factor. The subject under discussion fits within the general subject of the ethnic conflicts that appeared in the Caucasus, following the demise of an imperial order, in this case, the Soviet one. The dissertation proposes studying and analyzing the dynamics of the conflict in their historical, systemic and conjunctural dimensions from an Armenian perspective and its influence on Armenian nationalism to explain the lack of progress more than twenty years after the signing of the cease fire. Taking into account that the problem/question is the lack of solution of the conflict, the general hypothesis assumes that the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been resolved because of three causes that reinforce each other, the consolidation of the national identity in Armenia and Azerbaijan (historical), the collapse of the Soviet regime (systemic) and the activation of the security dilemma (conjunctural). Two secondary hypotheses are maintained: a) the effective separation of Nagorno-Karabakh from Azerbaijan and its constitution into a mono-ethnic de facto independent state explains the absence of serious military inter-ethnic confrontations since 1994 and b) the independence of NagornoKarabakh from Azerbaijan has reinforced the post Soviet Armenian national identity. The methodological strategy is qualitative allowing for the examination of the causes of the conflict and the context of its development placing an emphasis on the role of nationalism. The study done for this dissertation is fundamentally bibliographic even though interviews were conducted. For the ethnic security dilemma, I have based myself on Posen and Kaufmann who are neorealists from an ontological point of view and positivists from an epistemological point of view. For the theories of nationalism, I have used Smith who belongs to the ethno-symbolist school and is an essentialist form an ontological point of view. The conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh understood from the point of view of ethnic security marked a new step in the Armenian ethnonational movilization by unifying the demands of justice for the genocide with the issue of territorial recovery. Nagorno-Karabakh changed the definition of the Armenian Cause, and this change has manifested itself in the importance of the territory for Armenia and the movilization of the diaspora in the reconstruction and repopulation of Nagorno-Karabagh and its integration with Armenia.
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Palabras clave
Nagorno-Karabagh, Seguridad étnica, Nacionalismo, Armenia